Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.
Am Psychol. 2022 Apr;77(3):344-361. doi: 10.1037/amp0000874. Epub 2021 Aug 19.
Family socialization into the centuries-old culture of Whiteness-involving colorblindness, passivity, and fragility-perpetrates and perpetuates U.S. racism, reflecting an insidious Whiteness pandemic. As a poignant case study, this mixed methods study examined Whiteness socialization among White mothers ( = 392, = 37.99 years, = 4.34) in Minneapolis, Minnesota in the month following the May 2020 police killing of unarmed Black resident, George Floyd. Using Helms' (1984, 2017) White racial identity development theory (WRID), content analyses of qualitative responses classified participants into lower versus higher levels of WRID, after which thematic analyses compared their Whiteness socialization beliefs/values, attitudes, practices, and emotions, and analyses of variance compared their demographics, multiculturalism, and psychological distress. There was strong convergence across qualitative and quantitative findings and results aligned with the WRID model. Racially silent participants (i.e., no mention of Floyd's murder or subsequent events on open-ended questions: 53%) had lower multiculturalism scores and lower psychological distress. Among mothers who were racially responsive (i.e., mentioned Floyd's murder or subsequent events: 47%), those with more advanced WRID (17%) had higher multiculturalism scores; lower ethnic group protectiveness scores; a more effective coping style featuring empathy, moral outrage, and hope; more color- and power-conscious socialization beliefs/values; and more purposeful racial socialization practices than their less advanced peers (30%). Collectively, color-evasion and power-evasion-pathogens of the Whiteness pandemic-are inexorably transmitted within families, with White parents serving as carriers to their children unless they take active preventive measures rooted in antiracism and equity-promotion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
家庭社会化融入了几个世纪以来的白人文化——涉及盲目、被动和脆弱——助长并延续了美国的种族主义，反映了一种阴险的白人至上主义大流行。作为一个发人深省的案例研究，这项混合方法研究考察了明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市的白人母亲（n=392，年龄=37.99 岁，SD=4.34）在 2020 年 5 月非武装黑人居民乔治·弗洛伊德被警察杀害后的一个月内的白人种族社会化。使用赫尔姆斯（1984 年，2017 年）的白人种族认同发展理论（WRID），对定性反应的内容分析将参与者分为 WRID 水平较低和较高的组别，然后对他们的白人社会化信念/价值观、态度、实践和情感进行主题分析，并对他们的人口统计学、多元文化主义和心理困扰进行方差分析。定性和定量研究结果高度一致，结果与 WRID 模型一致。在开放性问题中没有提到弗洛伊德谋杀案或随后事件的种族沉默参与者（即 53%）的多元文化主义得分较低，心理困扰也较低。在对种族有反应的母亲中（即提到弗洛伊德谋杀案或随后事件的参与者：47%），WRID 水平较高的母亲（17%）的多元文化主义得分较高；较低的族群保护得分；更有效的应对方式，包括同理心、道德愤慨和希望；更有意识地进行社会化，包括颜色和权力意识方面的信念/价值观；以及更有目的的种族社会化实践，而他们的同龄人（30%）则相对较少。总的来说，颜色回避和权力回避——白人至上主义大流行的病原体——在家庭中不可避免地传播，白人父母作为携带者将其传递给子女，除非他们采取基于反种族主义和促进公平的积极预防措施。（PsycInfo 数据库记录（c）2022 APA，保留所有权利）。
