97038 Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, USA.
Hum Factors. 2022 Mar;64(2):269-277. doi: 10.1177/00187208211037457. Epub 2021 Aug 26.
Identify a critical research gap for the human factors community that has implications for successful human-automation teaming.
There are a variety of approaches for applying automation in systems. Flexible application of automation such that its level and/or type changes during system operations has been shown to enhance human-automation system performance.
This mini-review describes flexible automation in which the level of automated support varies across tasks during system operation, rather than remaining fixed. Two types distinguish the locus of authority to change automation level: (the human operator assigns how automation is applied) has been found to aid human's situation awareness and provide more perceived control versus (the system assigns automation level) that may impose less workload and attentional demands by automatically adjusting levels in response to changes in one or more states of the human, task, environment, and so on.
In contrast to vast investments in adaptive automation approaches, limited research has been devoted to adaptable automation. Experiments directly comparing adaptable and adaptive automation are particularly scant. These few studies show that adaptable automation was not only preferred over adaptive automation, but it also resulted in improved task performance and, notably, less perceived workload.
Systematic research examining adaptable automation is overdue, including hybrid approaches with adaptive automation. Specific recommendations for further research are provided.
Adaptable automation together with effective human-factored interface designs to establish working agreements are key to enabling human-automation teaming in future complex systems.
确定一个对人类因素界具有重要意义的关键研究空白领域，该领域涉及成功的人机协作。
在系统中应用自动化有多种方法。已经证明，灵活应用自动化，即其在系统运行过程中改变其水平和/或类型，可以提高人机系统性能。
本迷你评论描述了一种灵活的自动化，其中在系统运行过程中，自动化支持的水平在任务之间变化，而不是保持固定。有两种类型可以区分改变自动化水平的权限的归属：（人类操作员分配自动化的应用方式）已被发现有助于人类的态势感知，并提供更多的感知控制，而（系统分配自动化水平）可能通过自动调整水平以响应人类、任务、环境等状态的变化，从而减轻工作量和注意力需求。
与自适应自动化方法的大量投资形成鲜明对比的是，对可适应自动化的研究有限。直接比较可适应和自适应自动化的实验尤其稀少。这些为数不多的研究表明，可适应自动化不仅优于自适应自动化，而且还提高了任务绩效，特别是降低了感知工作量。
系统地研究可适应自动化是必要的，包括与自适应自动化相结合的混合方法。为进一步研究提供了具体建议。
可适应自动化以及有效的以人为中心的界面设计，以建立工作协议，是实现未来复杂系统中人机协作的关键。
