Science and Math Program, Asian University for Women, Chattogram, 4000, Bangladesh.
Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia.
Environ Res. 2022 Mar;204(Pt A):111967. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111967. Epub 2021 Aug 25.
Green synthesis approaches of nanomaterials (NMs) have received considerable attention in recent years as it addresses the sustainability issues posed by conventional synthesis methods. However, recent works of literature do not present the complete picture of biogenic NMs. This paper addresses the previous gaps by providing insights into the stability and toxicity of NMs, critically reviewing the various biological agents and solvents required for synthesis, sheds light on the factors that affect biosynthesis, and outlines the applications of NMs across various sectors. Despite the advantages of green synthesis, current methods face challenges with safe and appropriate solvent selection, process parameters that affect the synthesis process, nanomaterial cytotoxicity, bulk production and NM morphology control, tedious maintenance, and knowledge deficiencies. Consequently, the green synthesis of NMs is largely trapped in the laboratory phase. Nevertheless, the environmental friendliness, biocompatibility, and sensitivities of the resulting NMs have wider applications in biomedical science, environmental remediation, and consumer industries. To the scale-up application of biogenic NMs, future research should be focused on understanding the mechanisms of the synthesis processes, identifying more biological and chemical agents that can be used in synthesis, and developing the practicality of green synthesis at the industrial scale, and optimizing the factors affecting the synthesis process.
近年来，由于传统合成方法存在可持续性问题，纳米材料（NMs）的绿色合成方法受到了相当多的关注。然而，最近的文献并没有全面描述生物合成的纳米材料。本文通过深入了解纳米材料的稳定性和毒性，批判性地回顾了合成所需的各种生物制剂和溶剂，阐明了影响生物合成的因素，并概述了纳米材料在各个领域的应用，解决了之前的空白。尽管绿色合成具有诸多优势，但目前的方法在安全和适当溶剂选择、影响合成过程的工艺参数、纳米材料细胞毒性、批量生产和纳米材料形态控制、繁琐的维护以及知识缺陷方面仍面临挑战。因此，纳米材料的绿色合成在很大程度上仍停留在实验室阶段。然而，生物合成纳米材料的环境友好性、生物相容性和敏感性使其在生物医学科学、环境修复和消费行业中有更广泛的应用。为了将生物合成的纳米材料应用于大规模生产，未来的研究应集中于理解合成过程的机制，寻找更多可用于合成的生物和化学制剂，并开发工业规模的绿色合成的实用性，以及优化影响合成过程的因素。
