Thangam Ramar, Patel Kapil D, Kang Heemin, Paulmurugan Ramasamy
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
Institute for High Technology Materials and Devices, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Aug 23;9(8):935. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9080935.
Engineering polymeric nanoparticles for their shape, size, surface chemistry, and functionalization using various targeting molecules has shown improved biomedical applications for nanoparticles. Polymeric nanoparticles have created tremendous therapeutic platforms, particularly applications related to chemo- and immunotherapies in cancer. Recently advancements in immunotherapies have broadened this field in immunology and biomedical engineering, where "immunoengineering" creates solutions to target translational science. In this regard, the nanoengineering field has offered the various techniques necessary to manufacture and assemble multifunctional polymeric nanomaterial systems. These include nanoparticles functionalized using antibodies, small molecule ligands, targeted peptides, proteins, and other novel agents that trigger and encourage biological systems to accept the engineered materials as immune enhancers or as vaccines to elevate therapeutic functions. Strategies to engineer polymeric nanoparticles with therapeutic and targeting molecules can provide solutions for developing immune vaccines via maintaining the receptor storage in T- and B cells. Furthermore, cancer immunotherapy using polymeric nanomaterials can serve as a gold standard approach for treating primary and metastasized tumors. The current status of the limited availability of immuno-therapeutic drugs highlights the importance of polymeric nanomaterial platforms to improve the outcomes via delivering anticancer agents at localized sites, thereby enhancing the host immune response in cancer therapy. This review mainly focuses on the potential scientific enhancements and recent developments in cancer immunotherapies by explicitly discussing the role of polymeric nanocarriers as nano-vaccines. We also briefly discuss the role of multifunctional nanomaterials for their therapeutic impacts on translational clinical applications.
通过各种靶向分子对聚合物纳米颗粒的形状、大小、表面化学和功能化进行工程设计，已显示出纳米颗粒在生物医学应用方面的改善。聚合物纳米颗粒创造了巨大的治疗平台，特别是与癌症的化学疗法和免疫疗法相关的应用。最近免疫疗法的进展拓宽了免疫学和生物医学工程领域，其中“免疫工程”为转化科学创造了靶向解决方案。在这方面，纳米工程领域提供了制造和组装多功能聚合物纳米材料系统所需的各种技术。这些包括用抗体、小分子配体、靶向肽、蛋白质和其他新型试剂功能化的纳米颗粒，这些试剂触发并促使生物系统将工程材料作为免疫增强剂或疫苗接受，以提升治疗功能。用治疗和靶向分子对聚合物纳米颗粒进行工程设计的策略可以通过维持T细胞和B细胞中的受体储存为开发免疫疫苗提供解决方案。此外，使用聚合物纳米材料的癌症免疫疗法可以作为治疗原发性和转移性肿瘤的金标准方法。免疫治疗药物可用性有限的现状凸显了聚合物纳米材料平台通过在局部部位递送抗癌药物来改善治疗效果的重要性，从而增强癌症治疗中的宿主免疫反应。本综述主要通过明确讨论聚合物纳米载体作为纳米疫苗的作用，重点关注癌症免疫疗法的潜在科学进展和最新发展。我们还简要讨论了多功能纳米材料在转化临床应用中的治疗作用。
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