Velpurisiva Praveena, Gad Aniket, Piel Brandon, Jadia Rahul, Rai Prakash
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA.
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA.
J Biomed (Syd). 2017;2(2):64-77. doi: 10.7150/jbm.18877.
Cancer immunotherapy is a rapidly evolving and paradigm shifting treatment modality that adds a strong tool to the collective cancer treatment arsenal. It can be effective even for late stage diagnoses and has already received clinical approval. Tumors are known to not only avoid immune surveillance but also exploit the immune system to continue local tumor growth and metastasis. Because of this, most immunotherapies, particularly those directed against solid cancers, have thus far only benefited a small minority of patients. Early clinical substantiation lends weight to the claim that cancer immunotherapies, which are adaptive and enduring treatment methods, generate much more sustained and robust anticancer effects when they are effectively formulated in nanoparticles or scaffolds than when they are administered as free drugs. Engineering cancer immunotherapies using nanomaterials is, therefore, a very promising area worthy of further consideration and investigation. This review focuses on the recent advances in cancer immunoengineering using nanoparticles for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of a diverse range of immunotherapies. The delivery of immunostimulatory agents to antitumor immune cells, such as dendritic or antigen presenting cells, may be a far more efficient tactic to eradicate tumors than delivery of conventional chemotherapeutic and cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells. In addition to its immense therapeutic potential, immunoengineering using nanoparticles also provides a valuable tool for unearthing and understanding the basics of tumor biology. Recent research using nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy has demonstrated the advantage of physicochemical manipulation in improving the delivery of immunostimulatory agents. In vivo studies have tested a range of particle sizes, mostly less than 300 nm, and particles with both positive and negative zeta potentials for various applications. Material composition and surface modifications have been shown to contribute significantly in selective targeting, efficient delivery and active stimulation of immune system targets. Thus, these investigations, including a wide array of nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy, substantiate the employment of nanocarriers for efficacious cancer immunotherapies.
癌症免疫疗法是一种迅速发展且正在改变范式的治疗方式，为癌症综合治疗手段增添了一种强大工具。它甚至对晚期诊断病例也可能有效，并且已经获得临床批准。已知肿瘤不仅会逃避免疫监视，还会利用免疫系统来持续进行局部肿瘤生长和转移。正因如此，到目前为止，大多数免疫疗法，尤其是针对实体癌的免疫疗法，仅使少数患者受益。早期临床证据支持了这样的观点：癌症免疫疗法作为适应性和持久性的治疗方法，当它们以纳米颗粒或支架有效配制时，比作为游离药物给药时能产生更持久、更强有力的抗癌效果。因此，利用纳米材料设计癌症免疫疗法是一个非常有前景的领域，值得进一步思考和研究。本综述聚焦于利用纳米颗粒进行癌症免疫工程以提高多种免疫疗法治疗效果的最新进展。将免疫刺激剂递送至抗肿瘤免疫细胞，如树突状细胞或抗原呈递细胞，可能是一种比将传统化疗药物和细胞毒性药物递送至癌细胞更有效的根除肿瘤策略。除了其巨大的治疗潜力外，利用纳米颗粒进行免疫工程还为挖掘和理解肿瘤生物学基础提供了一个有价值的工具。最近利用纳米颗粒进行癌症免疫疗法的研究已经证明了物理化学操控在改善免疫刺激剂递送方面的优势。体内研究测试了一系列粒径，大多小于300纳米，以及具有正和负zeta电位的颗粒用于各种应用。材料组成和表面修饰已被证明在选择性靶向、有效递送以及对免疫系统靶点的活性刺激方面有显著贡献。因此，这些研究，包括用于癌症免疫疗法的各种各样的纳米颗粒，证实了使用纳米载体进行有效的癌症免疫疗法的可行性。
