Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
Staff Direction for Risk Assessment, Control Policy, Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
Viruses. 2021 Aug 4;13(8):1541. doi: 10.3390/v13081541.
Human noroviruses are recognised as the major global cause of viral gastroenteritis. Here, we provide an overview of notable advances in norovirus research and provide a short recap of the novel model systems to which much of the recent progress is owed. Significant advances include an updated classification system, the description of alternative virus-like protein morphologies and capsid dynamics, and the further elucidation of the functions and roles of various viral proteins. Important milestones include new insights into cell tropism, host and microbial attachment factors and receptors, interactions with the cellular translational apparatus, and viral egress from cells. Noroviruses have been detected in previously unrecognised hosts and detection itself is facilitated by improved analytical techniques. New potential transmission routes and/or viral reservoirs have been proposed. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings have added to the understanding of host immunity in response to norovirus infection, and vaccine development has progressed to preclinical and even clinical trial testing. Ongoing development of therapeutics includes promising direct-acting small molecules and host-factor drugs.
人类诺如病毒被认为是导致病毒性肠胃炎的主要全球病原体。本文概述了诺如病毒研究的显著进展，并简要介绍了最近取得的诸多进展所依赖的新型模型系统。主要进展包括更新的分类系统、替代病毒样蛋白形态和衣壳动力学的描述，以及对各种病毒蛋白的功能和作用的进一步阐明。重要的里程碑包括对细胞嗜性、宿主和微生物附着因子和受体、与细胞翻译装置的相互作用以及病毒从细胞中的释放等方面的新见解。已在以前未被识别的宿主中检测到诺如病毒，并且通过改进的分析技术提高了检测能力。新的潜在传播途径和/或病毒储存库已经被提出。最近的体内和体外研究结果增加了对诺如病毒感染后宿主免疫的理解，疫苗的开发也已进入临床前甚至临床试验测试阶段。目前正在开发的治疗方法包括有前途的直接作用小分子和宿主因子药物。
