Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant' Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Medical Oncology Unit, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Front Immunol. 2021 Aug 20;12:704942. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704942. eCollection 2021.
The human microbiota and its functional interaction with the human body were recently returned to the spotlight of the scientific community. In light of the extensive implementation of newer and increasingly precise genome sequencing technologies, bioinformatics, and culturomic, we now have an extraordinary ability to study the microorganisms that live within the human body. Most of the recent studies only focused on the interaction between the intestinal microbiota and one other factor. Considering the complexity of gut microbiota and its role in the pathogenesis of numerous cancers, our aim was to investigate how microbiota is affected by intestinal microenvironment and how microenvironment alterations may influence the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). In this context, we show how diet is emerging as a fundamental determinant of microbiota's community structure and function. Particularly, we describe the role of certain dietary factors, as well as the use of probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and antibiotics in modifying the human microbiota. The modulation of gut microbiota may be a secret weapon to potentiate the efficacy of immunotherapies. In addition, this review sheds new light on the possibility of administering fecal microbiota transplantation to modulate the gut microbiota in cancer treatment. These concepts and how these findings can be translated into the therapeutic response to cancer immunotherapies will be presented.
人类微生物组及其与人体的功能相互作用最近重新成为科学界关注的焦点。鉴于更先进和日益精确的基因组测序技术、生物信息学和培养组学的广泛应用，我们现在拥有了非凡的能力来研究生活在人体内的微生物。最近的大多数研究仅关注肠道微生物群与另一个因素之间的相互作用。考虑到肠道微生物群的复杂性及其在许多癌症发病机制中的作用，我们的目的是研究微生物群如何受肠道微环境的影响，以及微环境的改变如何影响对免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）的反应。在这种情况下，我们展示了饮食如何成为影响微生物群落结构和功能的基本决定因素。特别是，我们描述了某些饮食因素的作用，以及益生菌、益生元、后生元和抗生素在改变人类微生物群中的作用。调节肠道微生物群可能是增强免疫疗法疗效的秘密武器。此外，本综述还揭示了通过粪便微生物移植来调节肠道微生物群以治疗癌症的可能性。这些概念以及如何将这些发现转化为癌症免疫疗法的治疗反应将被提出。
