Social-Ecological Systems Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C. Darwin, 2, Edificio de Biología, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS-Université Grenoble Alpes-Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Grenoble, France; Basque Centre for Climate Change, Scientific Campus of the University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jan 10;803:150048. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150048. Epub 2021 Sep 1.
Land-use changes, especially urbanization, have largely impacted the capacity of ecosystems to deliver ecosystem services (ES) on which human wellbeing depends. The current sectorial landscape and territorial planning approaches that separately address protected areas and urban areas have proven ineffective in conserving biodiversity. To address this important challenge, integrated territorial planning has been claimed to be able to better reconcile interests between nature conservation and urban planning, and ES supply and demand mapping may be a useful tool for such purposes. In this study, we quantitatively mapped biodiversity and the supply and demand of eight ES along an urban-rural gradient in the region of Madrid (Spain). Then, we clustered the municipalities in this gradient into four groups based on their common biodiversity and ES supply and demand characteristics. Additionally, we reviewed the urban plans from these municipalities and the management plans of three protected areas, analysed the references to ES in the plans, and searched for potential conflicts between urban and protected area planning aims. We found that municipalities with highly coupled ES supply and demand are in high altitude areas, coinciding with protected areas, while in urban areas, the ES demand exceeds the supply. Municipalities exhibiting a high demand for regulating ES usually include them in their plans, while municipalities with a high supply of regulating ES do not. Given the several conflicts between protected areas and urban planning that we detected, we discuss the utility of mapping biodiversity and ES supply and demand beyond administrative boundaries to overcome the challenge of integrating spatial planning approaches, especially in the context of urban-rural gradients and megacities. We also explore the utility of these methods for coordinating urban planning tools to achieve integrated territorial planning.
土地利用变化，特别是城市化，在很大程度上影响了生态系统提供人类赖以生存的生态系统服务（ES）的能力。当前分别针对保护区和城市地区的部门景观和领土规划方法已被证明无法有效保护生物多样性。为了解决这一重要挑战，综合领土规划被认为能够更好地协调自然保护和城市规划之间的利益，而 ES 供应和需求图可能是实现这一目标的有用工具。在这项研究中，我们沿着马德里（西班牙）地区的城乡梯度定量绘制了生物多样性以及八种 ES 的供应和需求图。然后，我们根据其共同的生物多样性和 ES 供应和需求特征，将梯度中的市镇聚类为四个组。此外，我们审查了这些市镇的城市规划和三个保护区的管理计划，分析了计划中对 ES 的提及，并寻找了城市和保护区规划目标之间的潜在冲突。我们发现，ES 供应和需求高度耦合的市镇位于高海拔地区，与保护区重合，而在城市地区，ES 需求超过了供应。对调节 ES 有高需求的市镇通常会将其纳入其计划中，而对调节 ES 有高供应的市镇则不会。鉴于我们发现的保护区和城市规划之间的几个冲突，我们讨论了超越行政边界绘制生物多样性和 ES 供应和需求图以克服整合空间规划方法的挑战的实用性，特别是在城乡梯度和特大城市的背景下。我们还探索了这些方法在协调城市规划工具以实现综合领土规划方面的实用性。
