O'Dell Katelyn, Bilsback Kelsey, Ford Bonne, Martenies Sheena E, Magzamen Sheryl, Fischer Emily V, Pierce Jeffrey R
Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA.
Department of Kinesiology and Community Health University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL USA.
Geohealth. 2021 Sep 1;5(9):e2021GH000457. doi: 10.1029/2021GH000457. eCollection 2021 Sep.
As anthropogenic emissions continue to decline and emissions from landscape (wild, prescribed, and agricultural) fires increase across the coming century, the relative importance of landscape-fire smoke on air quality and health in the United States (US) will increase. Landscape fires are a large source of fine particulate matter (PM), which has known negative impacts on human health. The seasonal and spatial distribution, particle composition, and co-emitted species in landscape-fire emissions are different from anthropogenic sources of PM. The implications of landscape-fire emissions on the sub-national temporal and spatial distribution of health events and the relative health importance of specific pollutants within smoke are not well understood. We use a health impact assessment with observation-based smoke PM to determine the sub-national distribution of mortality and the sub-national and sub-annual distribution of asthma morbidity attributable to US smoke PM from 2006 to 2018. We estimate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for PM and 18 gas-phase hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in smoke. Although the majority of large landscape fires occur in the western US, we find the majority of mortality (74%) and asthma morbidity (on average 75% across 2006-2018) attributable to smoke PM occurs outside the West, due to higher population density in the East. Across the US, smoke-attributable asthma morbidity predominantly occurs in spring and summer. The number of DALYs associated with smoke PM is approximately three orders of magnitude higher than DALYs associated with gas-phase smoke HAPs. Our results indicate awareness and mitigation of landscape-fire smoke exposure is important across the US.
随着人为排放持续下降，且在未来一个世纪景观（野火、规定火烧和农业用火）火灾的排放增加，景观火灾烟雾对美国空气质量和健康的相对重要性将会提高。景观火灾是细颗粒物（PM）的一个主要来源，已知其对人类健康有负面影响。景观火灾排放中的季节性和空间分布、颗粒物组成以及共排放物种与人为PM来源不同。景观火灾排放对次国家层面健康事件的时空分布以及烟雾中特定污染物的相对健康重要性的影响尚未得到充分理解。我们使用基于观测烟雾PM的健康影响评估，来确定2006年至2018年美国烟雾PM所致死亡率的次国家层面分布以及哮喘发病率的次国家和次年度分布。我们估算了烟雾中PM和18种气相有害空气污染物（HAPs）的伤残调整生命年（DALYs）。尽管大多数大型景观火灾发生在美国西部，但我们发现，由于东部人口密度较高，烟雾PM所致的大多数死亡（74%）和哮喘发病率（2006 - 2018年平均为75%）发生在西部以外地区。在美国各地，烟雾所致哮喘发病率主要发生在春季和夏季。与烟雾PM相关的DALYs数量比与气相烟雾HAPs相关的DALYs大约高三个数量级。我们的结果表明，在美国各地，认识和减轻景观火灾烟雾暴露非常重要。
