Lochbaum Marc, Zanatta Thaís, Kazak Zişan
Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3011, USA.
Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania.
Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2019 Nov 8;10(1):173-205. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe10010015.
Approach-avoidance achievement goals are studied extensively in the context of competitive sports and physical activity, including leisure and physical education. Building upon past meta-analyses, the purpose of this quantitative review was to provide basic descriptive data, estimated means for testing of several research questions (i.e., context, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status), and meta-analyzing outcome correlates (i.e., self-determination constructs, affect, effort, and physical activity). A total of 116 studies up to 1 December 2018, met inclusion criteria. These 116 studies, totaling a sample size of 43,133 participants (M sample size = 347.85 + 359.36), from 22 countries with 92.7% of samples, are drawn from participants less than 30 years of mean age. From the 116 unique studies, nearly half (49.6%) were from a sport context and the rest from leisure-time physical activity (PA) (19.4%) and physical education (PE) (31.0%) contexts. A number of different analyses were conducted to examine our research questions. Support was found for several of our research questions: The mastery-approach goal was endorsed more than all the other goals, while sport participants endorsed the performance-approach goal more than PA and PE groups; females endorsed the mastery-avoidance goal more than males; more culturally individualistic countries endorsed the mastery-approach goal; and countries from lower socioeconomic and interdependent countries endorsed the mastery-avoidance goal than higher socioeconomic and independent countries. Concerning, the meta-analyzed correlates, most relationships were hypothesized through the performance-approach goal, and both avoidance goals appeared to be too similar in relationships with the correlates raising theoretical concerns. Overall, the mastery-approach goals had the most meaningful biased corrected effect size values (r) with the outcome correlates, such as relative autonomy (0.47), intrinsic motivation (0.52), effort (0.40), positive affect (0.42), physical activity intent (0.38). Based on the present and past meta-analytic results, the 2 × 2 achievement goals as currently measured was questioned. Future research suggestions included fundamental questionnaire issues, the need for latent profile analysis or other more advanced statistics, and whether the 2 × 2 achievement goal framework is the most appropriate framework in physical activity contexts.
在竞技运动和体育活动（包括休闲活动和体育教育）的背景下，人们对趋近-回避成就目标进行了广泛研究。基于以往的荟萃分析，本定量综述的目的是提供基本描述性数据、用于检验若干研究问题（即背景、性别、文化和社会经济地位）的估计均值，以及对结果相关因素（即自我决定构念、情感、努力和体育活动）进行荟萃分析。截至2018年12月1日，共有116项研究符合纳入标准。这116项研究的样本总量为43133名参与者（样本量均值 = 347.85 ± 359.36），来自22个国家，其中92.7%的样本来自平均年龄小于30岁的参与者。在这116项独立研究中，近一半（49.6%）来自体育背景，其余来自休闲体育活动（19.4%）和体育教育（31.0%）背景。我们进行了多项不同分析以检验研究问题。我们的若干研究问题得到了支持：掌握趋近目标比所有其他目标更受认可，而体育参与者比体育活动和体育教育组更认可成绩趋近目标；女性比男性更认可掌握回避目标；文化上更具个人主义的国家更认可掌握趋近目标；社会经济水平较低的国家和相互依存型国家比社会经济水平较高的国家和独立型国家更认可掌握回避目标。关于荟萃分析的相关因素，大多数关系是通过成绩趋近目标进行假设的，并且两个回避目标在与相关因素的关系上似乎过于相似，这引发了理论上的担忧。总体而言，掌握趋近目标在与结果相关因素（如相对自主性（0.47）、内在动机（0.52）、努力（0.40）、积极情感（0.42）、体育活动意图（0.38））的关系中具有最有意义的偏差校正效应量值（r）。基于当前和以往的荟萃分析结果，对目前所测量的2×2成就目标提出了质疑。未来的研究建议包括基本的问卷问题、潜在剖面分析或其他更高级统计方法的必要性，以及2×2成就目标框架在体育活动背景下是否是最合适的框架。
