Institute of Educational Research, Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičio Str. 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania.
Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3011, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Apr 15;19(8):4821. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19084821.
Interpersonal relationships exist in many forms within the sport environment. Athlete performance and career direction, at times, depend on their formed sport relationships. Positive and negative interpersonal relationships among the coach, the athlete, and the parent affects many athletes’ behavioral outcomes, such as continued participation. Our research aimed to understand whether the positive and negative processes in the coach, athlete, and parent interpersonal relationships depend on athletes’ sex, age, family composition, sport experience, and the type of sport. To achieve our research purpose, 632 volunteer student-athletes (aged 11−19) completed our survey. Our survey included the Positive and Negative Processes in the Coach−Athlete−Parent (PNPCAP) relationship scale and demographics (i.e., sex, age, family composition, years in competitive sport, and sport type). The study results revealed that positive processes, as measured by the positive PNPCAP subscale, were invariant to our categorical variables. However, participants’ self-ratings of negative PNPCAP-measured processes depended upon sex, sport type, and family makeup. Significant (p < 0.05) two-way interactions revealed boys involved in individual sports and residing without their parents or with one self-reported a higher level of the negative processes. The calculated effect size values with the other groupings were mostly medium in magnitude. The third significant two-way interaction resulted for sport type by family makeup. This two-way interaction revealed individual sport participants without or residing with one parent reported higher levels of negative processes. The effect size values were a mix of small and medium in meaningfulness. In conclusion, while positive Coach−Athlete−Parent processes appear invariant to our measured categorical variables, sex, sport type, and family makeup moderated the negative processes. Further research, such as mixed methods, is required to best understand and provide direction for intervention research to reduce negative processes in youth sport.
人际关系存在于体育环境中的许多形式中。运动员的表现和职业方向有时取决于他们形成的运动关系。教练、运动员和家长之间的积极和消极人际关系会影响许多运动员的行为结果，例如继续参与。我们的研究旨在了解教练、运动员和家长之间的积极和消极人际关系过程是否取决于运动员的性别、年龄、家庭构成、运动经验和运动类型。为了实现我们的研究目的，632 名志愿学生运动员（年龄在 11-19 岁之间）完成了我们的调查。我们的调查包括积极和消极的教练-运动员-家长（PNPCAP）关系量表和人口统计学数据（即性别、年龄、家庭构成、竞技运动年限和运动类型）。研究结果表明，积极过程（由积极的 PNPCAP 分量表测量）与我们的类别变量不变。然而，参与者对消极 PNPCAP 过程的自我评估取决于性别、运动类型和家庭构成。显著的（p<0.05）双向相互作用表明，参与个人运动的男孩和没有父母或只有一方的参与者报告了更高水平的消极过程。其他分组的计算效应大小值大多为中等。第三个显著的双向相互作用是由运动类型和家庭构成引起的。这种双向相互作用表明，没有或只有一方父母的个人运动参与者报告了更高水平的消极过程。效应大小值在有意义的范围内既有小的也有中等的。总之，虽然积极的教练-运动员-家长过程似乎对我们测量的类别变量不变，但性别、运动类型和家庭构成调节了消极过程。需要进一步的研究，如混合方法研究，以更好地理解和为干预研究提供指导，以减少青年体育中的消极过程。
