University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, 1100 NE 45th St., #300, Seattle, WA 98105, United States.
Pennsylvania State University, Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, 320E Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
Addict Behav. 2022 Jan;124:107120. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107120. Epub 2021 Sep 15.
Pre-gaming, or drinking before going out, is common among young adults and associated with heavier drinking and negative consequences. However, findings have been mixed as to whether a unique, day-level association between pre-gaming and negative consequences exists independent of alcohol intake. It is also unknown whether young adults experience more positive consequences of alcohol use on days they engage in pre-gaming. This study tested day-level associations between pre-gaming and positive and negative consequences, controlling for same-day alcohol intake, as well as whether these associations were moderated by person- and day-level variables.
Participants were 148 young adult heavy drinkers (M = 20.30, SD = 1.45, 57.4% female) who reported past-month simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use. For up to 14 consecutive days, participants completed electronic surveys asking about their drinking behaviors and consequences the previous day.
Prior to adjusting for alcohol intake, Poisson multilevel models showed that participants reported more negative and positive consequences on days they pre-gamed and those who reported pre-gaming more often throughout the study also experienced more negative and positive consequences overall. After controlling for alcohol intake, a positive, day-level association between pre-gaming and positive consequences remained. There was no evidence of moderation of study associations by person- or day-level variables.
The unique association between pre-gaming and positive consequences may help explain why pre-gaming is linked with heavy drinking and other risky behaviors as positive consequences have been shown to reinforce such behaviors. Findings suggest pre-gaming may be a useful intervention point for alcohol reduction programs.
在外出前饮酒（即“pre-gaming”）在年轻人中很常见，与饮酒量更大和负面后果有关。然而，关于是否存在与饮酒量无关的、独特的、以日为单位的“pre-gaming”与负面后果之间的关联，研究结果存在分歧。也不知道年轻人在“pre-gaming”的日子里是否会经历更多的酒精使用的积极后果。本研究检验了“pre-gaming”与积极和消极后果之间的以日为单位的关联，控制了同日的酒精摄入量，以及这些关联是否受到人与日变量的调节。
参与者是 148 名年轻的重度饮酒者（M=20.30，SD=1.45，57.4%为女性），报告过去一个月同时使用酒精和大麻。在最多连续 14 天的时间里，参与者完成了电子调查，询问他们前一天的饮酒行为和后果。
在没有调整酒精摄入量之前，泊松多层模型显示，参与者在“pre-gaming”的日子里报告了更多的负面和积极后果，而那些在整个研究中报告“pre-gaming”更频繁的人总体上也经历了更多的负面和积极后果。在控制了酒精摄入量后，“pre-gaming”与积极后果之间仍存在积极的、以日为单位的关联。没有证据表明人与日变量调节了研究关联。
“pre-gaming”与积极后果之间的独特关联可能有助于解释为什么“pre-gaming”与大量饮酒和其他危险行为有关，因为积极后果已被证明会强化这些行为。研究结果表明，“pre-gaming”可能是减少饮酒计划的一个有用的干预点。
