Identification of Traumatic Bone Marrow Oedema: The Pearls and Pitfalls of Dual-Energy CT (DECT).

Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) has been reported to successfully identify bone marrow oedema (BME) in various traumatic settings. DECT has multiple strengths, including the availability of both a 3D view of the anatomical area studied and of high-resolution dual energy specific maps super-imposed onto conventional grayscale morphological images. Windowing can be used to enhance the visualization of BME by increasing the level of the super-imposed images. Conversely, by decreasing the level of the super-imposition of color-coded images, it is possible to progressively enhance the visualization of fine anatomical details, which is useful for diagnosing associated imaging findings. Importantly, bone sclerosis may represent an important pitfall for DECT, potentially generating both false positive and false negative findings by locally altering CT numbers. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the strengths and limitations of DECT in accurately detecting traumatic BME, by considering practical approaches to imaging at several anatomical sites.