Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Cells. 2021 Sep 8;10(9):2355. doi: 10.3390/cells10092355.
Adaptive cellular immunity plays a major role in clearing microbial invasion of mucosal tissues in mammals. Following the clearance of primary pathogens, memory lymphocytes are established both systemically and locally at pathogen entry sites. Recently, resident memory CD8 T and B cells (T and B respectively), which are parked mainly in non-lymphoid mucosal tissues, were characterized and demonstrated to be essential for protection against secondary microbial invasion. Here we reviewed the current understanding of the cellular and molecular cues regulating CD8 T and B development, maintenance and function. We focused particularly on elucidating the role of a novel tissue-resident helper T (T) cell population in assisting T and B responses in the respiratory mucosa following viral infection. Finally, we argue that the promotion of T responses by future mucosal vaccines would be key to the development of successful universal influenza or coronavirus vaccines, providing long-lasting immunity against a broad spectrum of viral strains.
适应性细胞免疫在清除哺乳动物黏膜组织中的微生物入侵方面发挥着重要作用。在清除主要病原体后，记忆性淋巴细胞会在全身和病原体进入部位的局部建立起来。最近，驻留记忆性 CD8 T 细胞和 B 细胞（分别简称为 T 细胞和 B 细胞）被鉴定出来，并被证明对抵抗二次微生物入侵至关重要。本文我们综述了目前对调节 CD8 T 细胞和 B 细胞发育、维持和功能的细胞和分子线索的理解。我们特别关注阐明一种新型组织驻留辅助 T（Tfh）细胞群体在协助呼吸道黏膜病毒感染后的 T 和 B 反应中的作用。最后，我们认为未来黏膜疫苗促进 T 反应将是开发成功的通用流感或冠状病毒疫苗的关键，从而对广谱病毒株产生持久免疫力。
