Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
Water Res. 2021 Oct 15;205:117664. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117664. Epub 2021 Sep 15.
Onsite non-potable reuse of greywater reduces the energy costs associated with the transport of wastewater and the stress on traditional source waters. However, greywater contains trace organic contaminants (TOrCs) that can be harmful to the aquatic environment when released via irrigation. In this work, the risk associated with TOrCs was evaluated for two potential irrigation scenarios, the use of untreated greywater and the use of greywater treated via conventional activated sludge. Risk quotient (RQ) ratios were calculated using the maximum concentration of each compound in the untreated or treated greywater divided by the relevant aquatic predicted no effect concentration. The TOrCs with RQs > 0.1 or 1 were classified as moderate and high priority, respectively. A review of greywater literature showed that a total of 350 compounds have been detected, with 132 classified as moderate or high priority in untreated greywater. Post-treatment 44 TOrCs remained as high priority due to high concentrations in greywater and/or poor removal during treatment, but only 14 of them were detected in multiple geographic locations. The final list of 14 TOrCs includes plasticizers/flame retardants (di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, bisphenol A, and triphenyl phosphate), surfactants/preservatives/fragrances (4-nonylphenol, benzyldimethyl dodecylammonium chloride, tonalide, methylparaben, and 2-6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), UV-filters (benzophenone-3 and octocrylene), and pharmaceuticals/antibiotics (acetaminophen, trimethoprim, caffeine, and triclosan). This subset of TOrCs would be useful surrogates to monitor during greywater treatment for irrigation as potential hazards for nearby aquatic environments.
现场非饮用水回用灰水可减少与废水运输相关的能源成本，并减轻传统水源的压力。然而，灰水中含有痕量有机污染物 (TOrCs)，如果通过灌溉释放，可能对水生环境造成危害。在这项工作中，评估了两种潜在灌溉情景下 TOrCs 的风险，即使用未处理的灰水和使用传统活性污泥处理的灰水。使用未经处理或处理后的灰水中每种化合物的最大浓度除以相关水生预测无影响浓度来计算风险商 (RQ) 比值。RQ 比值大于 0.1 或 1 的 TOrCs 分别被归类为中高优先级。对灰水文献的回顾表明，总共检测到 350 种化合物，其中 132 种在未经处理的灰水中被归类为中高优先级。由于灰水中的浓度高和/或处理过程中去除效果差，处理后仍有 44 种 TOrCs 被列为高优先级，但其中只有 14 种在多个地理位置被检测到。最终的 14 种 TOrCs 列表包括增塑剂/阻燃剂（邻苯二甲酸二 (2-乙基己基) 酯、双酚 A 和磷酸三苯酯）、表面活性剂/防腐剂/香料（4-壬基酚、苄基二甲基十二烷基氯化铵、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯、甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯和 2-6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚）、紫外线过滤器（二苯甲酮-3 和辛可宁）和药物/抗生素（对乙酰氨基酚、甲氧苄啶、咖啡因和三氯生）。这组 TOrCs 将是监测灰水灌溉处理过程中潜在水生环境危害的有用替代物。
