Beeporter: Tools for high-throughput analyses of pollinator-virus infections.

Pollinators are in decline thanks to the combined stresses of disease, pesticides, habitat loss, and climate. Honey bees face numerous pests and pathogens but arguably none are as devastating as Deformed wing virus (DWV). Understanding host-pathogen interactions and virulence of DWV in honey bees is slowed by the lack of cost-effective high-throughput screening methods for viral infection. Currently, analysis of virus infection in bees and their colonies is tedious, requiring a well-equipped molecular biology laboratory and the use of hazardous chemicals. Here we describe virus clones tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) or nanoluciferase (nLuc) that provide high-throughput detection and quantification of virus infections. GFP fluorescence is measured noninvasively in living bees via commonly available long-wave UV light sources and a smartphone camera, or a standard ultraviolet transilluminator gel imaging system. Nonlethal monitoring with GFP allows continuous screening of virus growth and serves as a direct breeding tool for identifying honey bee parents with increased antiviral resistance. Expression using the nLuc reporter strongly correlates with virus infection levels and is especially sensitive. Using multiple reporters, it is also possible to visualize competition, differential virulence, and host tissue targeting by co-occuring pathogens. Finally, it is possible to directly assess the risk of cross-species "spillover" from honey bees to other pollinators and vice versa.