Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Oct 6;18(19):10492. doi: 10.3390/ijerph181910492.
Current text-only cigarette warning labels (long-term, loss-framed messages) may not motivate positive changes in smoking behavior. The current project was a cross-sectional study examining the effects of tailored cigarette warnings on perceived message effectiveness (PME) in adult smokers ( = 512) conducted using Amazon Mechanical Turk (M-Turk) in January-February 2020. Participants were an average age of 40.7 (SD = 11.6), with the majority of the sample being female (62.2%) and White (88.9%). Participants reported smoking an average of 14.6 cigarettes/day (SD = 9.2) with an average FTND score of 4.6 (SD = 2.2). Participants were asked to complete a tobacco use history questionnaire, and mixed gambles and delay discounting tasks before random assignment to one of five message groups. The groups were based on a 2 (gain versus loss framing) ×2 (short-term versus long-term framing) between-subject design; a fifth group served as the control group. All experimental messages reported higher PME scores than the control ( values < 0.001, Cohen's = 1.88-2.48). Participants with shallower delayed reward discounting and lower loss aversion rates reported higher total PME scores, values < 0.05. Our findings also suggest that loss aversion rates vary widely among smokers and that individuals are more responsive to messages congruent with their behavioral economic profile. Specifically, smokers who viewed messages congruent with their loss aversion and delay discounting rates reported higher PME scores than those who viewed incongruent messages ( = 0.04, Cohen's = 0.24). These preliminary findings suggest that anti-smoking campaigns may best impact smokers by tailoring messages based on individual loss aversion and delay discounting rates versus a one-size-fits-all approach.
目前仅使用文字的香烟警告标签（长期、损失框架信息）可能不会促使吸烟者改变吸烟行为。本研究采用亚马逊土耳其机器人（MTurk），于 2020 年 1 月至 2 月间进行了一项横断面研究，调查了定制香烟警告对成年吸烟者感知信息有效性（PME）的影响（n=512）。参与者的平均年龄为 40.7（SD=11.6），大多数参与者为女性（62.2%）和白人（88.9%）。参与者报告平均每天吸烟 14.6 支（SD=9.2），FTND 评分为 4.6（SD=2.2）。参与者在被随机分配到五个信息组之前，先完成了一份烟草使用史问卷、混合赌博和延迟折扣任务。这些信息组基于 2（收益与损失框架）×2（短期与长期框架）的被试间设计；第五组为对照组。所有实验组的 PME 得分均高于对照组（p 值均<0.001，Cohen's =1.88-2.48）。延迟奖励折扣率较浅和损失厌恶率较低的参与者报告的总 PME 得分较高，p 值均<0.05。我们的研究结果还表明，吸烟者的损失厌恶率差异很大，并且个人对与其行为经济特征相符的信息更敏感。具体而言，与损失厌恶和延迟折扣率相符的信息的吸烟者报告的 PME 得分高于那些看到不一致信息的吸烟者（p 值=0.04，Cohen's =0.24）。这些初步研究结果表明，反吸烟运动可能通过根据个人的损失厌恶和延迟折扣率定制信息，而不是采用一刀切的方法，从而最大程度地影响吸烟者。
