Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
Princeton High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022 Apr;20(4):193-205. doi: 10.1038/s41579-021-00639-z. Epub 2021 Oct 13.
The twenty-first century has witnessed a wave of severe infectious disease outbreaks, not least the COVID-19 pandemic, which has had a devastating impact on lives and livelihoods around the globe. The 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak, the 2009 swine flu pandemic, the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak, the 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease epidemic in West Africa and the 2015 Zika virus disease epidemic all resulted in substantial morbidity and mortality while spreading across borders to infect people in multiple countries. At the same time, the past few decades have ushered in an unprecedented era of technological, demographic and climatic change: airline flights have doubled since 2000, since 2007 more people live in urban areas than rural areas, population numbers continue to climb and climate change presents an escalating threat to society. In this Review, we consider the extent to which these recent global changes have increased the risk of infectious disease outbreaks, even as improved sanitation and access to health care have resulted in considerable progress worldwide.
二十一世纪见证了一波严重传染病的爆发，尤其是新冠肺炎疫情，它对全球的生命和生计造成了毁灭性的影响。2003 年严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒爆发、2009 年猪流感大流行、2012 年中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒爆发、2013-2016 年西非埃博拉病毒病疫情以及 2015 年寨卡病毒病疫情都导致了大量的发病率和死亡率，同时跨越国界感染了多个国家的人。与此同时，过去几十年迎来了科技、人口和气候变化的空前时代：自 2000 年以来，航班数量增加了一倍，自 2007 年以来，城市地区的人口超过了农村地区，人口数量持续攀升，气候变化对社会构成了日益严重的威胁。在这篇综述中，我们考虑了这些最近的全球变化在多大程度上增加了传染病爆发的风险，尽管全球范围内的卫生条件改善和获得医疗保健的机会增加带来了相当大的进展。
