Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Soc Sci Med. 2021 Dec;291:114484. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114484. Epub 2021 Oct 12.
In the growing literature on employment quality and health, poor quality of employment is generally associated with poor health. However, this association may not be uniform for men and women if unpaid caregiving labor is taken into consideration. How paid and unpaid labor is performed varies across societies because of differences in both state support for families and labor market penalties for women. Applying a gender lens to a welfare regime typology, we investigated the relationship between poor-quality employment and poor health for men and women. For each of five welfare regime types, we hypothesized if men or women would be more strongly affected by poor-quality employment based on the regime's family support policies and labor practices. Our analysis of 18 countries using the 2015 European and American Working Conditions Surveys data largely supported our hypotheses. In countries that support traditional gender roles with high state expenditure and have labor markets that penalize women, the association between poor-quality employment and health was stronger for men. The association was stronger for women in countries that rely on women to provide unpaid caregiving without substantial state support. In countries with apparently gender-neutral expectations for both paid work and unpaid caregiving work, no difference was found between men and women in the association of poor-quality employment with poor health. We discuss the importance of institutional perspectives to understand work as a gendered experience that impacts health. We suggest more comprehensive welfare regime typologies that recognize women both as caregivers and workers. Expanding the scope of research on work and health to include this integrated view of life could make a stride toward gender health equity.
在就业质量与健康的相关文献中，较差的就业质量通常与较差的健康状况相关。然而，如果考虑到无酬护理劳动，这种关联在男性和女性之间可能并不一致。由于国家对家庭的支持程度以及对女性劳动力市场的惩罚程度存在差异，有偿劳动和无酬劳动的分配在不同社会中存在差异。我们通过性别视角分析福利制度类型学，研究了较差就业质量对男性和女性健康的影响。对于五种福利制度类型中的每一种，我们根据制度的家庭支持政策和劳动力实践假设，哪种性别会受到较差就业质量的更大影响。我们使用 2015 年欧洲和美国工作条件调查数据对 18 个国家进行了分析，该分析在很大程度上支持了我们的假设。在那些支持传统性别角色、国家支出较高且劳动力市场对女性不利的国家，较差就业质量与健康之间的关联对男性的影响更大。在那些依赖女性提供无酬护理而没有实质性国家支持的国家，这种关联对女性的影响更大。在那些对有偿工作和无酬护理工作都有明显性别中立期望的国家，我们没有发现较差就业质量与健康状况之间的关联在男性和女性之间存在差异。我们讨论了从制度角度理解工作作为影响健康的性别化体验的重要性。我们建议采用更全面的福利制度类型学，承认女性既是护理者又是劳动者。将工作和健康方面的研究范围扩大到包括这种对生活的综合看法，可能会在实现性别健康公平方面迈出一大步。
