Giordano Peggy C
Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University.
Criminology. 2020 May;58(2):199-225. doi: 10.1111/1745-9125.12244. Epub 2020 Apr 29.
Sutherland's differential association theory and the life course perspective have at times been conceptualized as contrasting theories of criminal behavior. I argue instead that our understanding of delinquency, the dynamics underlying criminal persistence and desistance, and intergenerational patterns, will be enhanced by a more explicit integration of these two traditions. I focus on family processes, as these are foundational intimate relationships that remain underappreciated as a source of lifelong learning and influence. While family support and variations in parental supervision have been amply investigated, 'direct transmission' takes place within the family as well as within the confines of the more heavily studied world of adolescent peer groups. I identify five dimensions of direct transmission, and illustrate these dynamic processes with qualitative data from two longitudinal studies and results of recent quantitative analyses. The analysis is generally in line with Sutherland's original formulation, but includes several extensions and modifications. It is important to include a role for human agency, and for 'non-criminal' definitions and lifestyle factors, in addition to the directly criminogenic definitions Sutherland and subsequent researchers have emphasized. The focus on social processes is, however, consistent with Sutherland's goal of highlighting limitations of psychological and biological differences explanations.
萨瑟兰的差别交往理论和生命历程视角有时被概念化为关于犯罪行为的对立理论。相反，我认为，将这两种传统更明确地整合起来，将有助于我们更好地理解青少年犯罪、犯罪持续与终止背后的动态过程以及代际模式。我关注家庭过程，因为这些是基础性的亲密关系，但作为终身学习和影响的来源，它们一直未得到充分重视。虽然家庭支持和父母监督的差异已得到充分研究，但“直接传播”不仅发生在青少年同伴群体这个研究较多的领域内，也发生在家庭内部。我确定了直接传播的五个维度，并用两项纵向研究的定性数据和近期定量分析的结果来说明这些动态过程。该分析总体上与萨瑟兰的原始表述一致，但包括了一些扩展和修正。除了萨瑟兰及后续研究者所强调的直接导致犯罪的定义外，纳入人类能动性以及“非犯罪”定义和生活方式因素的作用也很重要。然而，对社会过程的关注与萨瑟兰强调心理和生物学差异解释的局限性这一目标是一致的。
