Gabriel Áurea Martins, Galué-Parra Adan, Pereira Washington Luiz Assunção, Pedersen Ketil Winther, da Silva Edilene Oliveira
Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine of NOVA University of Lisbon, IHMT-UNL, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
Laboratory of Structural Biology of Institute of Biological Sciences of Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa 01, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
Microorganisms. 2021 Oct 2;9(10):2081. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9102081.
parasites are a group of kinetoplastid pathogens that cause a variety of clinical disorders while maintaining cell communication by secreting extracellular vesicles. Emerging technologies have been adapted for the study of -host cell interactions, to enable the broad-scale analysis of the extracellular vesicles of this parasite. extracellular vesicles (EVs) are spheroidal nanoparticles of polydispersed suspensions surrounded by a layer of lipid membrane. Although EVs have attracted increasing attention from researchers, many aspects of their biology remain unclear, including their bioavailability and function in the complex molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. Given the importance of EVs in the parasite-host interaction, and in the parasite-parasite relationships that have emerged during the evolutionary history of these organisms, the present review provides an overview of the available data on , and formulates guidelines for EV research. We conclude by reporting direct methods for the isolation of specific EVs from the culture supernatant of the promastigotes and amastigotes that are suitable for a range of different downstream applications, which increases the compatibility and reproducibility of the approach for the establishment of optimal and comparable isolation conditions and the complete characterization of the EV, as well as the critical immunomodulatory events triggered by this important group of parasites.
寄生虫是一组动质体病原体，它们会引发多种临床疾病，同时通过分泌细胞外囊泡来维持细胞间通讯。新兴技术已被应用于研究宿主细胞相互作用，以实现对这种寄生虫细胞外囊泡的大规模分析。细胞外囊泡（EVs）是多分散悬浮液中的球形纳米颗粒，被一层脂质膜包围。尽管EVs已引起研究人员越来越多的关注，但其生物学的许多方面仍不清楚，包括其生物利用度以及在复杂发病机制分子机制中的功能。鉴于EVs在寄生虫与宿主相互作用以及这些生物体进化历史中出现的寄生虫与寄生虫关系中的重要性，本综述概述了有关EVs的现有数据，并制定了EV研究指南。我们通过报告从前鞭毛体和无鞭毛体的培养上清液中分离特定EVs的直接方法来结束本文，这些方法适用于一系列不同的下游应用，这提高了该方法在建立最佳和可比分离条件以及对EV进行完整表征方面的兼容性和可重复性，以及由这一重要寄生虫群体引发的关键免疫调节事件。
