Dendrite Differentiation, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK.
Cells. 2021 Oct 16;10(10):2777. doi: 10.3390/cells10102777.
Neuronal dendrites receive, integrate, and process numerous inputs and therefore serve as the neuron's "antennae". Dendrites display extreme morphological diversity across different neuronal classes to match the neuron's specific functional requirements. Understanding how this structural diversity is specified is therefore important for shedding light on information processing in the healthy and diseased nervous system. Popular models for in vivo studies of dendrite differentiation are the four classes of dendritic arborization (c1da-c4da) neurons of larvae with their class-specific dendritic morphologies. Using da neurons, a combination of live-cell imaging and computational approaches have delivered information on the distinct phases and the time course of dendrite development from embryonic stages to the fully developed dendritic tree. With these data, we can start approaching the basic logic behind differential dendrite development. A major role in the definition of neuron-type specific morphologies is played by dynamic actin-rich processes and the regulation of their properties. This review presents the differences in the growth programs leading to morphologically different dendritic trees, with a focus on the key role of actin modulatory proteins. In addition, we summarize requirements and technological progress towards the visualization and manipulation of such actin regulators in vivo.
神经元树突接收、整合和处理大量输入，因此充当神经元的“天线”。树突在不同神经元类型之间表现出极端的形态多样性，以匹配神经元的特定功能要求。因此，了解这种结构多样性是如何被指定的，对于揭示健康和患病神经系统中的信息处理过程非常重要。活体研究树突分化的流行模型是幼虫的四类树突分支（c1da-c4da）神经元，它们具有特定的树突形态。利用 da 神经元，活体成像和计算方法的结合提供了从胚胎阶段到完全发育的树突的不同阶段和时间进程的信息。有了这些数据，我们就可以开始研究不同树突发育背后的基本逻辑。动态富含肌动蛋白的过程及其特性的调节在定义神经元类型特异性形态方面起着重要作用。本综述介绍了导致形态不同的树突的生长程序的差异，重点介绍了肌动蛋白调节蛋白的关键作用。此外，我们总结了在体内可视化和操作这些肌动蛋白调节剂的要求和技术进展。
