Flebus Giovanni Battista, Tagini Angela, Minonzio Marta, Dushku Eralda, Crippa Franca
Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
Front Psychol. 2021 Oct 7;12:713404. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.713404. eCollection 2021.
The COVID-19 pandemic and its related lockdown restrictions had repercussions on health status, psychological states of mind, and emotion regulation. Attitudes towards these restrictions, beliefs, emotions and behaviours could be wise, as in the acceptance of, and adaptation to, these constraints. On the other hand, they could be unwise, as in the rejection of rules and limitations, denial of the consequences, irrational beliefs, self-accusation, rage and general intolerance. This study aims to introduce the development and validation of the 25-item Wisdom Acquired During Emergencies Scale (WADES). It is a measure to assess the wisdom and self-regulation that are needed to cope with unexpected and unpredictable emergency situations. On the basis of a preliminary study ( =212 Italian adults), a multiple-choice scale of 52 items was developed. In the reliability study ( =1777), items were scaled, analysed according to the optimal score technique and selected to provide a final and reliable version (Cronbach's =0.83). The validity study ( =1,345, =1,445, = 878) provided correlations with established scales measuring, for example, traditional wisdom, emotion regulation, empathy, post-traumatic growth, collectivism, conscientiousness and satisfaction with life. The results confirmed that high scores on the WADES are associated with the ability to regulate emotions, control impulses and develop goals in emotional situations, to tolerate current difficulties, while developing new attitudes, values and behaviours, entailing changes in self-perception and relationships. It was thus confirmed that high WADES scores indicate a higher degree of acquired wisdom.
新冠疫情及其相关的封锁限制对健康状况、心理状态和情绪调节产生了影响。对这些限制的态度、信念、情绪和行为可能是明智的，比如接受并适应这些限制。另一方面，它们也可能是不明智的，比如拒绝规则和限制、否认后果、持有非理性信念、自我指责、愤怒和普遍的不容忍。本研究旨在介绍25项紧急情况下获得的智慧量表（WADES）的开发与验证。它是一种用于评估应对意外和不可预测的紧急情况所需的智慧和自我调节能力的测量工具。基于一项初步研究（212名意大利成年人），开发了一个包含52个条目的多项选择量表。在信效度研究（1777人）中，对条目进行了评分，根据最优得分技术进行分析，并筛选出最终可靠版本（克朗巴哈系数=0.83）。效度研究（1345人、1445人、878人）提供了与既定量表的相关性，这些量表测量的内容包括传统智慧、情绪调节、同理心、创伤后成长、集体主义、尽责性和生活满意度等。结果证实，WADES得分高与在情绪情境中调节情绪、控制冲动和制定目标的能力相关，与容忍当前困难同时形成新的态度、价值观和行为的能力相关，这些新的态度、价值观和行为会带来自我认知和人际关系的变化。因此证实，WADES得分高表明获得的智慧程度更高。
