Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Ohio, USA.
School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Ohio, USA.
Genome Biol Evol. 2021 Nov 5;13(11). doi: 10.1093/gbe/evab240.
Adenosine Deaminases that Act on RNA (ADARs) are RNA editing enzymes that play a dynamic and nuanced role in regulating transcriptome and proteome diversity. This editing can be highly selective, affecting a specific site within a transcript, or nonselective, resulting in hyperediting. ADAR editing is important for regulating neural functions and autoimmunity, and has a key role in the innate immune response to viral infections, where editing can have a range of pro- or antiviral effects and can contribute to viral evolution. Here we examine the role of ADAR editing across a broad range of viral groups. We propose that the effect of ADAR editing on viral replication, whether pro- or antiviral, is better viewed as an axis rather than a binary, and that the specific position of a given virus on this axis is highly dependent on virus- and host-specific factors, and can change over the course of infection. However, more research needs to be devoted to understanding these dynamic factors and how they affect virus-ADAR interactions and viral evolution. Another area that warrants significant attention is the effect of virus-ADAR interactions on host-ADAR interactions, particularly in light of the crucial role of ADAR in regulating neural functions. Answering these questions will be essential to developing our understanding of the relationship between ADAR editing and viral infection. In turn, this will further our understanding of the effects of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, as well as many others, and thereby influence our approach to treating these deadly diseases.
腺苷脱氨酶作用于 RNA（ADARs）是 RNA 编辑酶，在调节转录组和蛋白质组多样性方面发挥着动态和微妙的作用。这种编辑可以是高度选择性的，影响转录本中的特定位点，也可以是非选择性的，导致过度编辑。ADAR 编辑对于调节神经功能和自身免疫至关重要，并且在先天免疫对病毒感染的反应中起着关键作用，其中编辑可以产生一系列抗病毒或促病毒的作用，并有助于病毒进化。在这里，我们研究了 ADAR 编辑在广泛的病毒群中的作用。我们提出，ADAR 编辑对病毒复制的影响（无论是促病毒还是抗病毒）最好被视为一个轴，而不是一个二进制，给定病毒在该轴上的特定位置高度依赖于病毒和宿主特异性因素，并且可以在感染过程中发生变化。然而，需要更多的研究来理解这些动态因素以及它们如何影响病毒-ADAR 相互作用和病毒进化。另一个值得关注的领域是病毒-ADAR 相互作用对宿主-ADAR 相互作用的影响，特别是考虑到 ADAR 在调节神经功能方面的关键作用。回答这些问题对于我们理解 ADAR 编辑与病毒感染之间的关系至关重要。反过来，这将进一步加深我们对 SARS-CoV-2 等病毒以及许多其他病毒的影响的理解，并影响我们治疗这些致命疾病的方法。
