Ndawula Charles
National Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 295, Entebbe, Wakiso 256, Uganda.
National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Vaccinology Research Programme, P.O. Box 5704, Nakyesasa, Wakiso 256, Uganda.
Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Oct 15;9(10):1185. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9101185.
Ticks are ubiquitous blood-sucking ectoparasites capable of transmitting a wide range of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi to animals and humans. Although the use of chemicals (acaricides) is the predominant method of tick-control, there are increasing incidents of acaricide tick resistance. Furthermore, there are concerns over accumulation of acaricide residues in meat, milk and in the environment. Therefore, alternative methods of tick-control have been proposed, of which anti-tick cattle vaccination is regarded as sustainable and user-friendly. Over the years, tremendous progress has been made in identifying and evaluating novel candidate tick vaccines, yet none of them have reached the global market. Until now, Bm86-based vaccines (Gavac™ in Cuba and TickGARD™ Australia-ceased in 2010) are still the only globally commercialized anti-tick vaccines. In contrast to Bm86, often, the novel candidate anti-tick vaccines show a lower protection efficacy. Why is this so? In response, herein, the potential bottlenecks to formulating efficacious anti-tick vaccines are examined. Aside from Bm86, the effectiveness of other anti-tick vaccines is rarely assessed. So, how can the researchers assess anti-tick vaccine effectiveness before field application? The approaches that are currently used to determine anti-tick vaccine efficacy are re-examined in this review. In addition, a model is proposed to aid in assessing anti-tick vaccine effectiveness. Finally, based on the principles for the development of general veterinary vaccines, a pipeline is proposed to guide in the development of anti-tick vaccines.
蜱是无处不在的吸血体外寄生虫，能够将多种病原体，如细菌、病毒、原生动物和真菌传播给动物和人类。尽管使用化学药品（杀螨剂）是控制蜱的主要方法，但杀螨剂蜱抗性事件却日益增多。此外，人们还担心杀螨剂残留物在肉类、牛奶和环境中的积累。因此，已提出了替代的蜱控制方法，其中抗蜱牛疫苗接种被认为是可持续且用户友好的。多年来，在鉴定和评估新型候选蜱疫苗方面取得了巨大进展，但它们都尚未进入全球市场。到目前为止，基于Bm86的疫苗（古巴的Gavac™和澳大利亚的TickGARD™——已于2010年停用）仍然是唯一全球商业化的抗蜱疫苗。与Bm86相比，新型候选抗蜱疫苗通常显示出较低的保护效力。为什么会这样呢？对此，本文研究了制定有效的抗蜱疫苗的潜在瓶颈。除了Bm86之外，很少评估其他抗蜱疫苗的有效性。那么，研究人员如何在实地应用之前评估抗蜱疫苗的有效性呢？本综述重新审视了目前用于确定抗蜱疫苗效力的方法。此外，还提出了一个模型来帮助评估抗蜱疫苗的有效性。最后，基于一般兽用疫苗的开发原则，提出了一个流程来指导抗蜱疫苗的开发。
