Linh Nguyen Thi Thuy, Son Ninh The, Ha Nguyen Thi Thu, Tra Nguyen Thanh, Tu Anh Le Thi, Chen Sibao, Van Tuyen Nguyen
Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Department of Applied Biochemistry and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
Prog Chem Org Nat Prod. 2021;116:135-209. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-80560-9_4.
Herbaceous annual plants of the genus Xanthium are widely distributed throughout the world and have been employed medicinally for millennia. This contribution aims to provide a systematic overview of the diverse structural classes of Xanthium secondary metabolites, as well as their pharmacological potential. On searching in various reference databases with a combination of three keywords "Xanthium", "Phytochemistry", and "Pharmacology", relevant publications have been obtained subsequently. From the 1950s to the present, phytochemical investigations have focused mainly on 15 Xanthium species, from which 300 compounds have been isolated and structurally resolved, primarily using NMR spectroscopic methodology. Xanthium constituents represent several secondary metabolite types, including simple phenols, sulfur and nitrogen-containing compounds, lignans, sterols, flavonoids, quinones, coumarins, and fatty acids, with terpenoids being the most common of these. Among the 174 terpenoids characterized, xanthanolide sesquiterpenoids are abundant, and most of the compounds isolated containing sulfur were found to be new in Nature. The ethnomedical uses of Xanthium crude extracts are supported by the in vitro and in vivo effects of their constituents, such as cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetes, and hepatoprotective activities. Toxicological results suggest that Xanthium plant extracts are generally safe for use. In the future, additional phytochemical investigations, along with further assessments of the biological profiles and mechanism of action studies of the components of Xanthium species, are to be expected.
苍耳属的一年生草本植物在世界各地广泛分布，并且已被药用了数千年。本论文旨在系统概述苍耳次生代谢产物的不同结构类别及其药理潜力。通过结合“苍耳”、“植物化学”和“药理学”这三个关键词在各种参考数据库中进行检索，随后获得了相关出版物。从20世纪50年代至今，植物化学研究主要集中在15种苍耳属植物上，从中分离并解析了300种化合物的结构，主要采用核磁共振光谱方法。苍耳属成分代表了几种次生代谢物类型，包括简单酚类、含硫和含氮化合物、木脂素、甾醇、黄酮类、醌类、香豆素类和脂肪酸，其中萜类是最常见的。在已鉴定的174种萜类化合物中，苍耳内酯倍半萜类化合物含量丰富，并且发现大多数分离出的含硫化合物在自然界中是新的。苍耳粗提物的民族医学用途得到了其成分的体外和体内作用的支持，如细胞毒性、抗氧化、抗菌、抗真菌、抗糖尿病和保肝活性。毒理学结果表明，苍耳属植物提取物通常使用安全。未来，预计将进行更多的植物化学研究，以及对苍耳属植物成分的生物学特性和作用机制研究进行进一步评估。
