Mattalia Giulia, Belichenko Olga, Kalle Raivo, Kolosova Valeria, Kuznetsova Natalia, Prakofjewa Julia, Stryamets Nataliya, Pieroni Andrea, Volpato Gabriele, Sõukand Renata
Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy.
Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Front Vet Sci. 2021 Oct 14;8:710019. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.710019. eCollection 2021.
Over the last century in the European context, animal production has been transformed by the dynamics of centralization and decentralization due to political and economic factors. These processes have influenced knowledge related to healing and ensuring the welfare of domestic animals. Therefore, our study aimed to document and compare current and past ethnoveterinary practices, and to identify trajectories in ethnoveterinary knowledge in study regions from both northern and southern Eastern Europe. In the summers of 2018 and 2019, we conducted 476 interviews, recording the use of 94 plant taxa, 67 of which were wild and 24 were cultivated. We documented 452 use reports, 24 of which were related to the improvement of the quality or quantity of meat and milk, while the other 428 involved ethnoveterinary practices for treating 10 domestic animal taxa. Cattle were the most mentioned target of ethnoveterinary treatments across all the study areas, representing about 70% of all use reports. Only four plant species were reported in five or more countries ( spp., ). The four study regions located in Northern and Southern Eastern Europe did not present similar ethnoveterinary knowledge trajectories. Bukovinian mountain areas appeared to hold a living reservoir of ethnoveterinary knowledge, unlike the other regions. Setomaa (especially Estonian Setomaa) and Dzukija showed an erosion of ethnoveterinary knowledge with many uses reported in the past but no longer in use. The current richness of ethnoveterinary knowledge reported in Bukovina could have been developed and maintained through its peculiar geographical location in the Carpathian Mountains and fostered by the intrinsic relationship between the mountains and local pastoralists and by its unbroken continuity of management even during the Soviet era. Finally, our results show some patterns common to several countries and to the veterinary medicine promoted during the time of the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union and its centralized animal breeding system, resulted in a decline of ethnoveterinary knowledge as highly specialized veterinary doctors worked in almost every village. Future research should examine the complex networks of sources from where farmers derive their ethnoveterinary knowledge.
在过去的一个世纪里，在欧洲范围内，由于政治和经济因素，动物生产因集中化和分散化的动态变化而发生了转变。这些过程影响了与家畜治疗和保障其福利相关的知识。因此，我们的研究旨在记录和比较当前与过去的民族兽医学实践，并确定东欧北部和南部研究区域民族兽医学知识的发展轨迹。在2018年和2019年夏天，我们进行了476次访谈，记录了94种植物类群的使用情况，其中67种是野生的，24种是栽培的。我们记录了452条使用报告，其中24条与提高肉奶质量或产量有关，另外428条涉及治疗10种家畜类群的民族兽医学实践。在所有研究区域中，牛是民族兽医学治疗提及最多的对象，约占所有使用报告的70%。只有四种植物在五个或更多国家被报告（物种，）。位于东欧北部和南部的四个研究区域并没有呈现出相似的民族兽医学知识发展轨迹。与其他地区不同，布科维纳山区似乎拥有民族兽医学知识的现存宝库。塞托马（特别是爱沙尼亚的塞托马）和朱基贾显示出民族兽医学知识的流失，过去有很多使用记录，但现在已不再使用。布科维纳目前报告的丰富民族兽医学知识可能是通过其在喀尔巴阡山脉的特殊地理位置发展并维持下来的，山脉与当地牧民之间的内在关系以及即使在苏联时期也未间断的管理方式促进了这种发展。最后，我们的研究结果显示出几个国家以及苏联时期推广的兽医学所共有的一些模式。然而，苏联及其集中化的动物养殖系统导致民族兽医学知识的衰退，因为几乎每个村庄都有高度专业化 的兽医工作。未来的研究应该考察农民获取民族兽医学知识的复杂来源网络。
