Noninvasive Blood Glucose Concentration Measurement Based on Conservation of Energy Metabolism and Machine Learning.

Blood glucose (BG) concentration monitoring is essential for controlling complications arising from diabetes, as well as digital management of the disease. At present, finger-prick glucometers are widely used to measure BG concentrations. In consideration of the challenges of invasive BG concentration measurements involving pain, risk of infection, expense, and inconvenience, we propose a noninvasive BG concentration detection method based on the conservation of energy metabolism. In this study, a multisensor integrated detection probe was designed and manufactured by 3D-printing technology to be worn on the wrist. Two machine-learning algorithms were also applied to establish the regression model for predicting BG concentrations. The results showed that the back-propagation neural network model produced better performance than the multivariate polynomial regression model, with a mean absolute relative difference and correlation coefficient of 5.453% and 0.936, respectively. Here, about 98.413% of the predicted values were within zone A of the Clarke error grid. The above results proved the potential of our method and device for noninvasive glucose concentration detection from the human wrist.