University of Sheffield, Weston Bank, Sheffield, S102TN, UK.
University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, UK.
Br J Nutr. 2022 Sep 14;128(5):888-899. doi: 10.1017/S0007114521004025. Epub 2021 Nov 15.
Rice is consumed by nearly half of the global population and a significant source of energy and nutrients. However, rice consumption can also be a significant pathway of inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure, thus requiring a risk-benefit assessment. This study assessed nutrient element (NE) densities in fifty-five rice types (white, brown and wild rice) marketed in the UK. Densities of essential NE were used to rank rice types in meeting daily NE targets under different consumption scenarios through a newly developed optimisation approach. Using iAs data from these rice types, we assessed the margin of exposure (MOE) for low (the UK) and high (Bangladesh) rice intake scenarios. Our results showed that brown and wild rice are significantly higher in many NE and significantly contribute to dietary reference value (DRV). Our modelling showed that switching to brown or wild rice could increase the intake of several essential nutrients by up to eight times that of white rice. Using rice consumption data for mid-to-high-consumption countries, we estimate that brown rice could provide 100 % adult DRV for Fe, Mg, Cr, P and Mo, and substantial contributions for Zn, Se and K. Our results show that the amount of rice primarily determines risk from iAs consumed rather than the type of rice. Therefore, switching from white to brown or wild rice could be beneficial, provided iAs concentration in rice is within the recommended limits.
稻米被全球近一半的人口食用，是能量和营养物质的重要来源。然而，食用稻米也可能是摄入无机砷（iAs）的重要途径，因此需要进行风险-效益评估。本研究评估了在英国市场上销售的 55 种稻米（白米、糙米和野米）中的营养元素（NE）密度。通过新开发的优化方法，利用必需 NE 的密度来评估不同消费情景下不同稻米类型对满足日常 NE 目标的贡献。利用这些稻米类型的 iAs 数据，我们评估了低（英国）和高（孟加拉国）稻米摄入情景下的暴露边际（MOE）。研究结果表明，糙米和野米在许多 NE 方面显著更高，并且对膳食参考值（DRV）有显著贡献。我们的模型表明，改用糙米或野米可使几种必需营养素的摄入量增加多达白米的八倍。使用中等至高消费国家的稻米消费数据，我们估计糙米可以为成人提供 100%的 Fe、Mg、Cr、P 和 Mo 的 DRV，并且对 Zn、Se 和 K 的贡献也很大。研究结果表明，摄入 iAs 的风险主要取决于稻米的摄入量，而不是稻米的类型。因此，只要稻米中的 iAs 浓度在推荐范围内，从白米换成糙米或野米可能是有益的。
