School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Dec 8;19(24):16460. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416460.
In certain populations, rice is the main source of exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), which is associated with cancer and non-cancer effects. Although rice is a staple food in Brazil, there have been few studies about the health risks for the Brazilian population. The objective of this study was to assess the risks of exposure to iAs from white rice and brown rice in Brazil, in terms of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects, and to propose measures to mitigate those risks. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated in a probabilistic framework. The mean ILCR was 1.5 × 10 for white rice and 6.0 × 10 for brown rice. The HQ for white and brown rice was under 1. The ILCR for white and brown rice was high, even though the iAs concentration in rice is below the maximum contaminant level. The risk for brown rice consumption was lower, which was not expected. Various mitigation measures discussed in this report are estimated to reduce the risk from rice consumption by 5-67%. With the support of public policies, measures to reduce these risks for the Brazilian population would have a positive impact on public health.
在某些人群中，大米是无机砷（iAs）暴露的主要来源，而 iAs 与癌症和非癌症效应有关。尽管大米是巴西的主食，但关于巴西人口健康风险的研究很少。本研究旨在评估巴西人食用白米和糙米时 iAs 的致癌和非致癌风险，并提出减轻这些风险的措施。在概率框架内计算了增量终生癌症风险（ILCR）和危害系数（HQ）。白米的平均 ILCR 为 1.5×10，糙米的 ILCR 为 6.0×10。白米和糙米的 HQ 均低于 1。尽管大米中的 iAs 浓度低于最大污染物水平，但白米和糙米的 ILCR 仍然很高。食用糙米的风险较低，这是出乎意料的。本报告讨论的各种缓解措施估计可将大米消费带来的风险降低 5-67%。在公共政策的支持下，为巴西人口降低这些风险的措施将对公共健康产生积极影响。
