McLoughlin Ella, Arnold Rachel, Fletcher David, Spahr Chandler M, Slavich George M, Moore Lee J
Department for Health, University of Bath, UK.
School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK.
Psychol Sport Exerc. 2022 Jan;58. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102078. Epub 2021 Oct 6.
Research has found that greater lifetime stressor exposure increases the risk for mental and physical health problems. Despite this, few studies have examined how stressors occurring over the entire lifespan affect sport performers' health, well-being, and performance, partly due to the difficulty of assessing lifetime stressor exposure. To address this issue, we developed a sport-specific stress assessment module (Sport SAM) for the Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) and then analyzed the instrument's usability, acceptability, validity, and test-retest reliability. Furthermore, we examined whether trait-like tendencies to appraise stressful situations as a challenge or threat mediated the association between lifetime stressor exposure and health, well-being, and performance. Participants were 395 sport performers ( = 22.50 years, = 5.33) who completed an online survey. Results revealed that the Sport SAM demonstrated good usability and acceptability, good concurrent validity in relation to the Adult STRAIN (s = 0.23 to 0.29), and very good test-retest reliability ( = 0.87 to 0.89). Furthermore, the Sport SAM was significantly associated with symptoms of depression ( = 0.21 to 0.24, ≤ .001) and anxiety ( = 0.13 to 0.19, ≤ .012), and general physical ( = 0.24 to 0.27, = ≤ 0.001) and mental ( = 0.23 to 0.32, ≤ .001) health complaints. Finally, we found that associations between total lifetime non-sport and sport-specific stressor severity and health were mediated by trait stress appraisals. Consequently, these findings may help practitioners better identify sport performers who are at risk of developing stress-related health problems.
研究发现，一生中经历更多的压力源会增加出现身心健康问题的风险。尽管如此，很少有研究探讨整个生命周期中出现的压力源如何影响运动员的健康、幸福感和表现，部分原因是评估一生的压力源暴露存在困难。为了解决这个问题，我们为压力与逆境量表（STRAIN）开发了一个特定于运动的压力评估模块（Sport SAM），然后分析了该工具的可用性、可接受性、有效性和重测信度。此外，我们还研究了将压力情境评估为挑战或威胁的特质倾向是否介导了一生压力源暴露与健康、幸福感和表现之间的关联。参与者为395名运动员（年龄 = 22.50岁，标准差 = 5.33），他们完成了一项在线调查。结果显示，Sport SAM具有良好的可用性和可接受性，与成人STRAIN量表相比具有良好的同时效度（s = 0.23至0.29），以及非常好的重测信度（r = 0.87至0.89）。此外，Sport SAM与抑郁症状（r = 0.21至0.24，p ≤.001）、焦虑症状（r = 0.13至0.19，p ≤.012）以及一般身体（r = 0.24至0.27，p ≤ 0.001）和心理（r = 0.23至0.32，p ≤.001）健康问题显著相关。最后，我们发现一生总的非运动和特定于运动的压力源严重程度与健康之间的关联是由特质压力评估介导的。因此，这些发现可能有助于从业者更好地识别有发展与压力相关健康问题风险的运动员。
