Li Jiang, Xu Jianguo, Zheng Yadi, Gao Ya, He Siyi, Li He, Zou Kaiyong, Li Ni, Tian Jinhui, Chen Wanqing, He Jie
Office for Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory for National Cancer Big Data Analysis and Implement, Beijing 100021, China.
Chin J Cancer Res. 2021 Oct 31;33(5):535-547. doi: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2021.05.01.
More than 600,000 people are diagnosed with esophageal cancer (EC) every year globally, and the five-year survival rate of EC is less than 20%. Two common histological subtypes of EC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), have great geographical variations in incidence rates. About half of the world's EC was diagnosed in China and a majority of which belong to ESCC. Globally, the overall incidence rate of EC is decreasing. In some high-risk Asian regions, such as China, the incidence rate of ESCC has generally declined, potentially due to economic growth and improvement of diet habits. In some European high-income countries and the United States, the decline is mainly attributed to the decrease in smoking and drinking. The risk factors of EC are not well understood, and the importance of environmental and genetic factors in the pathogenesis is also unclear. The incidence and mortality of advanced EC can be reduced through early diagnosis and screening. White light endoscopy is still the gold standard in the current screening technology. This article reviews the epidemiology, risk factors, and screening strategies of EC in recent years to help researchers determine the most effective management strategies to reduce the risk of EC.
全球每年有超过60万人被诊断出患有食管癌（EC），且食管癌的五年生存率低于20%。食管癌的两种常见组织学亚型，即食管鳞状细胞癌（ESCC）和食管腺癌（EAC），其发病率在地域上有很大差异。全球约一半的食管癌病例在中国被诊断出来，其中大多数属于食管鳞状细胞癌。在全球范围内，食管癌的总体发病率正在下降。在一些亚洲高风险地区，如中国，食管鳞状细胞癌的发病率总体上有所下降，这可能归因于经济增长和饮食习惯的改善。在一些欧洲高收入国家和美国，发病率下降主要归因于吸烟和饮酒的减少。食管癌的危险因素尚未得到充分了解，环境和遗传因素在发病机制中的重要性也不明确。通过早期诊断和筛查可以降低晚期食管癌的发病率和死亡率。白光内镜检查仍是当前筛查技术的金标准。本文综述了近年来食管癌的流行病学、危险因素和筛查策略，以帮助研究人员确定最有效的管理策略，降低食管癌风险。
