Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, LMU-Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany.
Nutrients. 2021 Oct 29;13(11):3882. doi: 10.3390/nu13113882.
High obesity rates in almost all regions of the world prompt an urgent need for effective obesity prevention. Very good scientific evidence from cell culture and rodent studies show that the availability of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and their long-chain polyunsaturated derivatives, namely, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, influence adipogenesis; for this reason, early life status may influence later obesity risk. The respective PUFA effects could be mediated via their eicosanoid derivatives, their influence on cell membrane properties, the browning of white adipose tissue, changes to the offspring gut microbiome, their influence on developing regulatory circuits, and gene expression during critical periods. Randomized clinical trials and observational studies show divergent findings in humans, with mostly null findings but also the positive and negative effects of an increased n-3 to n-6 PUFA ratio on BMI and fat mass development. Hence, animal study findings cannot be directly extrapolated to humans. Even though the mechanistic data basis for the effects of n-3 PUFA on obesity risk appears promising, no recommendations for humans can be derived at present.
全球几乎所有地区的肥胖率都很高，这迫切需要有效的肥胖预防措施。细胞培养和啮齿动物研究的非常好的科学证据表明，必需多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）及其长链多不饱和衍生物，即花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的可用性会影响脂肪生成；因此，生命早期的状态可能会影响以后肥胖的风险。各自的 PUFA 作用可以通过它们的类二十烷酸衍生物、它们对细胞膜特性的影响、白色脂肪组织的褐变、对后代肠道微生物组的改变、它们对发育中调节回路的影响以及关键时期的基因表达来介导。随机临床试验和观察性研究在人类中显示出不同的发现，大多数为阴性发现，但也有 n-3 到 n-6 PUFA 比例增加对 BMI 和脂肪量发展的积极和消极影响。因此，动物研究结果不能直接外推到人类。尽管 n-3 PUFA 对肥胖风险影响的机制数据基础似乎很有希望，但目前不能为人类提出建议。
