Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Department of Hematology, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Semin Cancer Biol. 2022 Nov;86(Pt 3):367-381. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.12.002. Epub 2021 Dec 9.
Organoids are simplified in vitro model systems of organs that are used for modeling tissue development and disease, drug screening, cell therapy, and personalized medicine. Despite considerable success in the design of organoids, challenges remain in achieving real-life applications. Organoids serve as unique and organized groups of micro physiological systems that are capable of self-renewal and self-organization. Moreover, they exhibit similar organ functionality(ies) as that of tissue(s) of origin. Organoids can be designed from adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, or embryonic stem cells. They consist of most of the important cell types of the desired tissue/organ along with the topology and cell-cell interactions that are highly similar to those of an in vivo tissue/organ. Organoids have gained interest in human biomedical research, as they demonstrate high promise for use in basic, translational, and applied research. As in vitro models, organoids offer significant opportunities for reducing the reliance and use of experimental animals. In this review, we will provide an overview of organoids, as well as those intercellular communications mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs), and discuss the importance of organoids in modeling a tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Organoids can also be exploited to develop a better understanding of intercellular communications mediated by EVs. Also, organoids are useful in mimicking TIME, thereby offering a better-controlled environment for studying various associated biological processes and immune cell types involved in tumor immunity, such as T-cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, among others.
类器官是一种简化的体外器官模型系统，用于模拟组织发育和疾病、药物筛选、细胞治疗和个性化医疗。尽管在类器官设计方面取得了相当大的成功，但在实现实际应用方面仍存在挑战。类器官作为独特的、有组织的微生理系统群，具有自我更新和自我组织的能力。此外，它们表现出与起源组织相似的器官功能。类器官可以由成人干细胞、诱导多能干细胞或胚胎干细胞设计而成。它们包含了所需组织/器官的大多数重要细胞类型，以及与体内组织/器官高度相似的拓扑结构和细胞-细胞相互作用。类器官在人类生物医学研究中引起了关注，因为它们在基础、转化和应用研究中具有很高的应用潜力。作为体外模型，类器官为减少对实验动物的依赖和使用提供了重要机会。在这篇综述中，我们将概述类器官，以及由细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 介导的细胞间通讯，并讨论类器官在模拟肿瘤免疫微环境 (TIME) 中的重要性。类器官也可用于更好地理解 EVs 介导的细胞间通讯。此外，类器官在模拟 TIME 方面非常有用，为研究肿瘤免疫中涉及的各种相关生物学过程和免疫细胞类型（如 T 细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞和髓系抑制细胞等）提供了更好的控制环境。
