Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Switzerland; University of Basel, Switzerland.
Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Mar 15;812:152330. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152330. Epub 2021 Dec 11.
Little is known about personal and time-integrated exposure to past and current used pesticides in agricultural areas and within-family exposure similarities. We aimed to assess exposure to pesticides using silicone wristbands in child/guardian pairs living on farms and in villages within two agricultural areas in South Africa. Using silicone wristbands, we quantified 21 pesticides in child/guardian pairs in 38 households over six days in 2018. Levels (in ng/g wristband) of pesticides and their transformation products (12 current-use pesticides and nine organochlorine pesticides) were measured using GC-MS/MS. We assessed the correlation between pesticide levels and between household members using Spearman correlation coefficients (r). Multivariable generalized least squares (GLS) models, using household id as intercept, were used to determine level of agreement between household members, exposure differences between children and guardians and exposure predictors (study area, household location [farm vs. village] and household pesticide use). We detected 16 pesticides with highest detection frequencies for deltamethrin (89%), chlorpyrifos (78%), boscalid (56%), cypermethrin (55%), and p,p'-DDT (48%). Most wristbands (92%) contained two or more pesticides (median seven (range one to 12)). Children had higher concentrations than guardians for four pesticides. Correlation between the pesticide levels were in most cases moderate (rs 0.30-0.68) and stronger in children than in guardians. Five pesticides showed moderate to strong correlation between household members, with the strongest correlation for boscalid (r 0.84). Exposure differences between the two agricultural areas were observed for chlorpyrifos, diazinon, prothiofos, cypermethrin, boscalid, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE and within areas for cypermethrin. We showed that for several pesticides children had higher exposure levels than guardians. The positive correlations observed for child/guardian pairs living in the same household suggest non-occupational shared exposure pathways in these communities.
关于农业区和家庭内过去和当前使用的农药的个人和时间综合暴露以及家庭内暴露相似性，人们知之甚少。我们旨在评估生活在南非两个农业区的农场家庭和村庄内的儿童/监护人对农药的暴露情况。我们使用硅树脂腕带，在 2018 年的六天内，对 38 户家庭中的 38 对儿童/监护人进行了 21 种农药的定量检测。使用气相色谱-串联质谱法（GC-MS/MS）测量了（12 种当前使用的农药和 9 种有机氯农药）的农药及其转化产物的浓度（硅树脂腕带中的 ng/g）。我们使用 Spearman 相关系数（r）评估了家庭成员之间的农药水平和相关性。使用家庭 ID 作为截距的多变量广义最小二乘法（GLS）模型用于确定家庭成员之间的水平一致性、儿童与监护人之间的暴露差异以及暴露预测因素（研究区域、家庭位置[农场与村庄]和家庭农药使用）。我们检测到 16 种农药，其中最高的检测频率为氯菊酯（89%）、毒死蜱（78%）、百菌清（56%）、氯氰菊酯（55%）和 p,p'-DDT（48%）。大多数腕带（92%）含有两种或更多种农药（中位数为七种（范围为一到十二种））。四种农药中，儿童的浓度高于监护人。在大多数情况下，农药水平之间的相关性为中度（rs 0.30-0.68），在儿童中比在监护人中更强。五个农药在家庭成员之间表现出中等至强的相关性，其中百菌清的相关性最强（r 0.84）。在两个农业区之间观察到氯菊酯、二嗪磷、丙硫磷、氯氰菊酯、百菌清、p,p'-DDT 和 p,p'-DDE 的暴露差异，在同一地区内观察到氯氰菊酯的暴露差异。我们表明，对于几种农药，儿童的暴露水平高于监护人。同一家庭内儿童/监护人对的正相关关系表明，这些社区存在非职业性共享暴露途径。
