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拉丁裔儿童的农药暴露:农村、农业工人社区与城市、非农业工人社区儿童的比较。

Pesticide exposure among Latinx children: Comparison of children in rural, farmworker and urban, non-farmworker communities.

机构信息

Department of Family and Community Medicine, Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.

Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.

出版信息

Sci Total Environ. 2021 Apr 1;763:144233. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144233. Epub 2020 Dec 29.

Abstract

Personal pesticide exposure is not well characterized among children in vulnerable, immigrant communities. We used silicone wristbands in 2018-2019 to assess pesticide exposure in 8 year old Latinx boys and girls in rural, farmworker families (n = 73) and urban, non-farmworker families (n = 60) living in North Carolina who were enrolled in the PACE5 Study, a community-based participatory research study. We determined the detection and concentrations (ng/g) of 75 pesticides and pesticide degradation products in the silicone wristbands worn for one week using gas chromatography electron capture detection and employed gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Differences by personal and family characteristics were tested using analysis of variance or Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests when necessary. Pesticide concentrations above the limit of detection were analyzed, and reported as geometric means and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The most frequently detected pesticide classes were organochlorines (85.7%), pyrethroids (65.4%), and organophosphates (59.4%), with the most frequently detected specific pesticides being alpha-chlordane (69.2%), trans-nonachlor (67.7%), gamma-chlordane (66.2%), chlorpyrifos (54.9%), cypermethrin (49.6%), and trans-permethrin (39.1%). More of those children in urban, non-farmworker families had detections of organochlorines (93.3% vs. 79.5, p = 0.0228) and pyrethroids (75.0% vs. 57.5%, p = 0.0351) than did those in rural, farmworker families; more children in rural, farmworker families had detections for organophosphates (71.2% vs. 45.0%, p= 0.0022). Children in urban, non-farmworker families had greater concentrations of alpha-chlordane (geometric mean (GM) 18.98, 95% CI 14.14, 25.47 vs. 10.25, 95% CI 7.49, 14.03; p= 0.0055) and dieldrin (GM 17.38, 95% CI 12.78 23.62 vs. 8.10, 95% CI 5.47, 12.00; p= 0.0034) than did children in rural, farmworker families. These results support the position that pesticides are ubiquitous in the living environment for children in vulnerable, immigrant communities, and argue for greater effort in documenting the widespread nature of pesticide exposure among children, with greater effort to reduce pesticide exposure.

摘要

个人农药暴露在弱势、移民社区的儿童中尚未得到充分描述。我们在 2018-2019 年使用硅胶手环来评估北卡罗来纳州农村农业工人家庭(n=73)和城市非农业工人家庭(n=60)中 8 岁拉丁裔男孩和女孩的农药暴露情况,这些儿童参与了 PACE5 研究,这是一项基于社区的参与式研究。我们使用气相色谱电子捕获检测法确定了佩戴一周的硅胶手环中 75 种农药和农药降解产物的检测和浓度(ng/g),并采用气相色谱质谱法进行了分析。当需要时,使用方差分析或 Wilcoxon 秩和检验测试了个人和家庭特征的差异。对超过检测限的农药浓度进行了分析,并以几何平均值和 95%置信区间(CI)报告。最常检测到的农药类别为有机氯(85.7%)、拟除虫菊酯(65.4%)和有机磷酸酯(59.4%),最常检测到的特定农药为α-氯丹(69.2%)、反式-十氯(67.7%)、γ-氯丹(66.2%)、毒死蜱(54.9%)、氯菊酯(49.6%)和顺式-氯菊酯(39.1%)。与农村农业工人家庭的儿童相比,城市非农业工人家庭的儿童有机氯(93.3% vs. 79.5,p=0.0228)和拟除虫菊酯(75.0% vs. 57.5%,p=0.0351)的检出率更高;农村农业工人家庭的儿童有机磷酸酯的检出率更高(71.2% vs. 45.0%,p=0.0022)。与农村农业工人家庭的儿童相比,城市非农业工人家庭的儿童α-氯丹(几何平均值(GM)18.98,95%置信区间 14.14,25.47 vs. 10.25,95%置信区间 7.49,14.03;p=0.0055)和狄氏剂(GM 17.38,95%置信区间 12.78 至 23.62 vs. 8.10,95%置信区间 5.47,12.00;p=0.0034)的浓度更高。这些结果支持这样的观点,即农药在弱势、移民社区儿童的生活环境中无处不在,并呼吁加大力度记录儿童普遍接触农药的情况,并努力减少儿童接触农药的情况。

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