Chu Stanley, Wang Andrew L, Bhattacharya Aparajita, Montclare Jin Kim
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
Prog Biomed Eng (Bristol). 2022 Jan;4(1). doi: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac2841. Epub 2021 Oct 26.
Proteins are some of the most versatile and studied macromolecules with extensive biomedical applications. The natural and biological origin of proteins offer such materials several advantages over their synthetic counterparts, such as innate bioactivity, recognition by cells and reduced immunogenic potential. Furthermore, proteins can be easily functionalized by altering their primary amino acid sequence and can often be further self-assembled into higher order structures either spontaneously or under specific environmental conditions. This review will feature the recent advances in protein-based biomaterials in the delivery of therapeutic cargo such as small molecules, genetic material, proteins, and cells. First, we will discuss the ways in which secondary structural motifs, the building blocks of more complex proteins, have unique properties that enable them to be useful for therapeutic delivery. Next, supramolecular assemblies, such as fibers, nanoparticles, and hydrogels, made from these building blocks that are engineered to behave in a cohesive manner, are discussed. Finally, we will cover additional modifications to protein materials that impart environmental responsiveness to materials. This includes the emerging field of protein molecular robots, and relatedly, protein-based theranostic materials that combine therapeutic potential with modern imaging modalities, including near-infrared fluorescence spectroscopy (NIRF), single-photo emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound/photoacoustic imaging (US/PAI).
蛋白质是一些最具多功能性且研究广泛的大分子，具有广泛的生物医学应用。蛋白质的天然和生物来源使其相较于合成对应物具有若干优势，例如固有的生物活性、细胞识别能力以及较低的免疫原性。此外，通过改变其一级氨基酸序列，蛋白质可以很容易地实现功能化，并且通常可以在特定环境条件下自发地或进一步自组装成更高阶的结构。本综述将重点介绍基于蛋白质的生物材料在递送小分子、遗传物质、蛋白质和细胞等治疗性物质方面的最新进展。首先，我们将讨论二级结构基序（更复杂蛋白质的构建单元）具有独特性质从而使其可用于治疗递送的方式。接下来，将讨论由这些构建单元制成的超分子组装体，如纤维、纳米颗粒和水凝胶，这些组装体经过设计以协同方式发挥作用。最后，我们将介绍对蛋白质材料进行的其他修饰，这些修饰赋予材料环境响应性。这包括新兴的蛋白质分子机器人领域，以及与之相关的基于蛋白质的治疗诊断材料，这些材料将治疗潜力与现代成像方式相结合，包括近红外荧光光谱（NIRF）、单光子发射计算机断层扫描/计算机断层扫描（SPECT/CT）、正电子发射断层扫描（PET）、磁共振成像（MRI）以及超声/光声成像（US/PAI）。
