Weinberger Birgit
Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Dec 4;9(12):1435. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9121435.
Age is among the most prominent risk factors for developing severe COVID-19 disease, and therefore older adults are a major target group for vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. This review focusses on age-associated aspects of COVID-19 vaccines and vaccination strategies, and summarizes data on immunogenicity, efficacy and effectiveness of the four COVID-19 vaccines, which are licensed in the US and/or Europe; namely, the two mRNA vaccines by BioNTech/Pfizer (BNT162b2) and Moderna (mRNA-1273), and the adenovector vaccines developed by AstraZeneca/University Oxford (ChAdOx1-nCoV-19, AZD1222) and Janssen/Johnson&Johnson (Ad26.COV2-S), respectively. After very high protection rates in the first months after vaccination even in the older population, effectiveness of the vaccines, particularly against asymptomatic infection and mild disease, declined at later time points and with the emergence of virus variants. Many high-income countries have recently started administration of additional doses to older adults and other high-risk groups, whereas other parts of the world are still struggling to acquire and distribute vaccines for primary vaccination. Other vaccines are available in other countries and clinical development for more vaccine candidates is ongoing, but a complete overview of COVID-19 vaccine development is beyond the scope of this article.
年龄是感染重症 COVID-19 疾病最显著的风险因素之一，因此老年人是接种 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗的主要目标群体。本综述聚焦于 COVID-19 疫苗和接种策略中与年龄相关的方面，并总结了在美国和/或欧洲获批的四种 COVID-19 疫苗的免疫原性、效力和有效性数据；即 BioNTech/辉瑞（BNT162b2）和莫德纳（mRNA-1273）的两种 mRNA 疫苗，以及阿斯利康/牛津大学（ChAdOx1-nCoV-19，AZD1222）和杨森/强生（Ad26.COV2-S）分别研发的腺病毒载体疫苗。在接种后的头几个月，即使在老年人群中疫苗的保护率也很高，但随着时间推移以及病毒变体的出现，疫苗的有效性，尤其是针对无症状感染和轻症的有效性有所下降。许多高收入国家最近已开始为老年人和其他高危群体接种额外剂量的疫苗，而世界其他地区仍在努力获取和分发用于初次接种的疫苗。其他国家有其他疫苗可用，更多候选疫苗的临床开发也在进行中，但本文范围之外无法对 COVID-19 疫苗开发进行全面概述。
