Fungal Extracellular Vesicles in Interkingdom Communication.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as a key method of communication between cells. In this chapter, we examine the evidence for their role in inter-kingdom communication, in particular in the context of pathogenic fungi and their hosts. We detail what is known about modes of EV-driven communication, the consequences for host-pathogen interactions and the compositional and physical properties of the vesicles themselves. Looking forward, we point to the growing need for a detailed understanding of the heterogeneity of EV populations. This heterogeneity is likely to be key in understanding the diversity of responses to fungal infection in humans.