Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
Pharmacy Discipline, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Centre for Immunology and Infection Control (CIIC), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2022 Mar 1;200:498-519. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.129. Epub 2021 Dec 30.
Chitosan (CS) is a natural polymer derived from chitin that has wide applications in drugs, vaccines, and antigen delivery. The distinctive mucoadhesive, biocompatibility, biodegradable, and less toxic properties of chitosan compared to the currently used vaccine adjuvants made it a promising candidate for use as an adjuvant/carrier in vaccine delivery. In addition, chitosan exhibits intrinsic immunomodulating properties making it a suitable adjuvant in preparing vaccines delivery systems. Nanoparticles (NPs) of chitosan and its derivatives loaded with antigen have been shown to induce cellular and humoral responses. Versatility in the physicochemical properties of chitosan can provide an excellent opportunity to engineer antigen-specific adjuvant/delivery systems. This review discusses the recent advances of chitosan and its derivatives as adjuvants in vaccine deliveryand the published literature in the last fifteen years. The impact of physicochemical properties of chitosan on vaccine formulation has been described in detail. Applications of chitosan and its derivatives, their physicochemical properties, and mechanisms in enhancing immune responses have been discussed. Finally, challenges and future aspects of chitosan use has been pointed out.
壳聚糖（CS）是一种天然聚合物，来源于壳聚糖，在药物、疫苗和抗原递送上有广泛的应用。与目前使用的疫苗佐剂相比，壳聚糖具有独特的黏膜黏附性、生物相容性、可生物降解性和较低的毒性，因此它是作为佐剂/载体在疫苗传递中使用的有前途的候选物。此外，壳聚糖具有内在的免疫调节特性，使其成为制备疫苗传递系统的合适佐剂。负载抗原的壳聚糖及其衍生物的纳米粒子已被证明能诱导细胞和体液反应。壳聚糖在物理化学性质上的多功能性为工程化抗原特异性佐剂/传递系统提供了极好的机会。本文综述了壳聚糖及其衍生物作为疫苗佐剂在过去十五年中的最新进展和发表的文献。详细描述了壳聚糖的物理化学性质对疫苗配方的影响。讨论了壳聚糖及其衍生物的应用、它们的物理化学性质以及增强免疫反应的机制。最后，指出了壳聚糖使用的挑战和未来方面。
