Advanced high-throughput plant phenotyping techniques for genome-wide association studies: A review.

Linking phenotypes and genotypes to identify genetic architectures that regulate important traits is crucial for plant breeding and the development of plant genomics. In recent years, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been applied extensively to interpret relationships between genes and traits. Successful GWAS application requires comprehensive genomic and phenotypic data from large populations. Although multiple high-throughput DNA sequencing approaches are available for the generation of genomics data, the capacity to generate high-quality phenotypic data is lagging far behind. Traditional methods for plant phenotyping mostly rely on manual measurements, which are laborious, inaccurate, and time-consuming, greatly impairing the acquisition of phenotypic data from large populations. In contrast, high-throughput phenotyping has unique advantages, facilitating rapid, non-destructive, and high-throughput detection, and, in turn, addressing the shortcomings of traditional methods. This review summarizes the current status with regard to the integration of high-throughput phenotyping and GWAS in plants, in addition to discussing the inherent challenges and future prospects. High-throughput phenotyping, which facilitates non-contact and dynamic measurements, has the potential to offer high-quality trait data for GWAS and, in turn, to enhance the unraveling of genetic structures of complex plant traits. In conclusion, high-throughput phenotyping integration with GWAS could facilitate the revealing of coding information in plant genomes.