Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 139 Psychology Building, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 139 Psychology Building, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Neuroimage. 2022 Apr 15;250:118890. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118890. Epub 2022 Jan 8.
Aging is associated with declines in a host of cognitive functions, including attentional control, inhibitory control, episodic memory, processing speed, and executive functioning. Theoretical models attribute the age-related decline in cognitive functioning to deficits in goal maintenance and attentional inhibition. Despite these well-documented declines in executive control resources, older adults endorse fewer episodes of mind-wandering when assessed using task-embedded thought probes. Furthermore, previous work on the neural basis of mind-wandering has mostly focused on young adults with studies predominantly focusing on the activity and connectivity of a select few canonical networks. However, whole-brain functional networks associated with mind-wandering in aging have not yet been characterized. In this study, using response time variability-the trial-to-trial fluctuations in behavioral responses-as an indirect marker of mind-wandering or an "out-of-the-zone" attentional state representing suboptimal behavioral performance, we show that brain-based predictive models of response time variability can be derived from whole-brain task functional connectivity. In contrast, models derived from resting-state functional connectivity alone did not predict individual response time variability. Finally, we show that despite successful within-sample prediction of response time variability, our models did not generalize to predict response time variability in independent cohorts of older adults with resting-state connectivity. Overall, our findings provide evidence for the utility of task-based functional connectivity in predicting individual response time variability in aging. Future research is needed to derive more robust and generalizable models.
衰老与多种认知功能的下降有关，包括注意力控制、抑制控制、情景记忆、处理速度和执行功能。理论模型将认知功能的年龄相关性下降归因于目标维持和注意力抑制的缺陷。尽管执行控制资源有明显的下降，但使用任务嵌入式思维探针评估时，老年人报告的思维漫游次数较少。此外，以前关于思维漫游神经基础的研究主要集中在年轻成年人，研究主要集中在少数几个典型网络的活动和连接。然而，与衰老相关的思维漫游的全脑功能网络尚未得到描述。在这项研究中，我们使用反应时变异性（行为反应的逐次波动）作为思维漫游或“离轨”注意力状态的间接标志物，代表次优的行为表现，表明基于大脑的反应时变异性预测模型可以从全脑任务功能连接中得出。相比之下，仅从静息状态功能连接得出的模型并不能预测个体的反应时变异性。最后，我们表明，尽管我们的模型能够成功地对反应时变异性进行样本内预测，但它们并不能推广到使用静息状态连接来预测独立的老年人群体的反应时变异性。总的来说，我们的发现为基于任务的功能连接在预测衰老个体的反应时变异性方面的实用性提供了证据。需要进一步的研究来得出更稳健和可推广的模型。
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