Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jan 1;19(1):463. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19010463.
Consumers' preference towards healthy and novel foods dictates the production of organic unfiltered bottled vinegar that still contains acetic acid bacteria. After ingesting vinegar, the bacteria come into close contact with the human microbiota, creating the possibility of horizontal gene transfer, including genetic determinants for antibiotic resistance. Due to the global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), we analyzed the AMR of and species originating mainly from vinegars. Six antibiotics from different structural groups and mechanisms of action were selected for testing. The AMR was assessed with the disk diffusion method using various growth media. Although the number of resistant strains differed among the growth media, 97.4%, 74.4%, 56.4%, and 33.3% of strains were resistant to trimethoprim, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol, respectively, on all three media. Moreover, 17.9% and 53.8% of all strains were resistant to four and three antibiotics of different antimicrobial classes, respectively. We then looked for antimicrobial resistance genes in the genome sequences of the reference strains. The most common genetic determinant potentially involved in AMR encodes an efflux pump. Since these genes pass through the gastrointestinal tract and may be transferred to human microbiota, further experiments are needed to analyze the probability of this scenario in more detail.
消费者对健康和新颖食品的偏好促使生产含有醋酸菌的有机未过滤瓶装醋。食用醋后，细菌与人肠道微生物群密切接触，产生水平基因转移的可能性，包括抗生素耐药性的遗传决定因素。由于抗生素耐药性（AMR）的全球传播，我们分析了主要来自醋的 和 种的 AMR。选择了来自不同结构组和作用机制的六种抗生素进行测试。使用不同的生长培养基，采用圆盘扩散法评估 AMR。尽管不同生长培养基中的耐药菌株数量不同，但在所有三种培养基上，分别有 97.4%、74.4%、56.4%和 33.3%的菌株对甲氧苄啶、红霉素、环丙沙星和氯霉素耐药。此外，分别有 17.9%和 53.8%的所有菌株对四种和三种不同抗菌类别的抗生素耐药。然后，我们在参考菌株的基因组序列中寻找了抗生素耐药基因。最常见的潜在参与 AMR 的遗传决定因素编码一种外排泵。由于这些基因通过胃肠道传递，并可能转移到人类微生物群，因此需要进一步的实验来更详细地分析这种情况的可能性。
