Boon P E, Pustjens A M, Te Biesebeek J D, Brust G M H, Castenmiller J J M
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3729, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2022 Mar;161:112810. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112810. Epub 2022 Jan 11.
In 2017, a total diet study (TDS) was conducted in the Netherlands to determine the intake of elements by 1- and 2-year-old children. Concentrations of 47 elements were analysed and long-term dietary intake was calculated for 24 elements. The 95th percentile (P95) intake estimates were compared with a tolerable daily or weekly intake (TDI or TWI) or tolerable upper intake level (UL), or a margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated. The P95 intake of cadmium and zinc exceeded the TWI or UL, respectively, and the P95 intake of inorganic arsenic and lead resulted in low MOEs. Food subgroups contributing most to the intake were "potatoes" for cadmium, "milk and milk-based beverages" for zinc, "concentrated fruit juices" and "rice" for inorganic arsenic, and "candies" for lead. For inorganic mercury, it could not be established if the intake was (too) high. P95 intake estimates of the other elements for which a risk characterisation could be performed were below the health-based guidance values. It was noted that the P50 intake estimate of manganese was a factor of 3 higher than the adequate intake level. Due to the absence of a UL, it is not clear if this intake is of concern.
2017年，荷兰开展了一项总膳食研究（TDS），以确定1岁和2岁儿童的元素摄入量。分析了47种元素的浓度，并计算了24种元素的长期膳食摄入量。将第95百分位数（P95）摄入量估计值与每日或每周可耐受摄入量（TDI或TWI）或可耐受摄入量上限（UL）进行比较，或计算暴露边际（MOE）。镉和锌的P95摄入量分别超过了TWI或UL，无机砷和铅的P95摄入量导致较低的MOE。对摄入量贡献最大的食物亚组，镉是“土豆”，锌是“牛奶及奶制品饮料”，无机砷是“浓缩果汁”和“大米”，铅是“糖果”。对于无机汞，无法确定其摄入量是否（过高）。其他可进行风险特征描述的元素的P95摄入量估计值低于基于健康的指导值。值得注意的是，锰的P50摄入量估计值比适宜摄入量水平高3倍。由于缺乏UL，尚不清楚该摄入量是否令人担忧。
