Mutations in the Phenicol Exporter Gene Impact Resistance Levels in Three Bacterial Hosts According to Susceptibility Testing and Protein Modeling.

The prototype gene confers combined resistance to chloramphenicol and florfenicol. However, variants mediating resistance only to chloramphenicol have been identified, such as in the case of a isolate recovered from poultry meat illegally imported to Germany. The effects of the individual mutations detected in the sequence of this isolate were investigated in this study. A total of 11 variants, including prototype and variants containing the different previously described mutations either alone or in different combinations, were generated by on-chip gene synthesis and site-directed mutagenesis. The constructs were inserted into a shuttle vector and transformed into three recipient strains (, , and Typhimurium). Subsequently, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of florfenicol and chloramphenicol were determined. In addition, protein modeling was used to predict the structural effects of the mutations. The lack of florfenicol-resistance mediating properties of the variants could be attributed to the presence of a C110T and/or G98C mutation. Transformants carrying variants containing either of these mutations, or both, showed a reduction of florfenicol MICs compared to those transformants carrying prototype or any of the other variants. The significance of these mutations was supported by the generated protein models, indicating a substitution toward more voluminous amino-acids in the substrate-binding site of FexA. The remaining mutations, A391G and C961A, did not result in lower florfenicol-resistance compared to prototype .