Coexistence of and in Campylobacter.

Previous studies indicated that has developed several mechanisms that confer resistance to florfenicol, which is used in food animal production. This study describes the coexistence of and in and isolates from pigs and poultry. Moreover, whole-genome sequencing data showed that the two genes are located in various multidrug resistance genomic islands within different regions of the genomes. The emergence of and may support the spread of florfenicol-resistant strains of animal origin. Florfenicol is widely used for the treatment of respiratory infections and as a feed additive in food animal production. As a foodborne pathogen, is constantly exposed to florfenicol, and resistance to this antimicrobial agent has increased in recent years. Previous studies indicated that has developed several mechanisms that confer resistance to florfenicol. This study describes for the first time the coexistence of the florfenicol exporter FexA and the ribosomal protective protein OptrA in isolated from pigs. The two genes were located in various multidrug resistance genomic islands within different regions of the genomes. Although phenicols are not commonly used for the treatment of infections, the extensive use of florfenicol in food animals may play a role in the coselection of multidrug resistance genomic island (MDRGI)-carrying isolates which also exhibited resistance to critically important antimicrobial agents (macrolides, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines) commonly used for the treatment of human campylobacteriosis.