Terao Takeshi, Satoh Moriaki
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan.
Front Psychiatry. 2022 Jan 13;12:811612. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.811612. eCollection 2021.
Existential psychotherapy is rooted in the European tradition of existential philosophy. Existential philosophers include Husserl and Heidegger, who were German, and Camus, Sartre, de Beauvoir, and Merleau-Ponty, who were French. Their works contain existentially ultimate themes such as death, freedom, meaninglessness, and isolation. Based on their knowledge of existential philosophy, Binswanger, Frankl, and Boss developed the earlier existential psychotherapies such as Dasein-analysis and Logotherapy, while May, Laing, Yalom, May, and Wong started later existential psychotherapies in the British and American culture. Focusing on patients with advanced cancer and/or terminal care, we found nine types of existential psychotherapies which were investigated using randomized controlled trials (RCTs): Meaning-Centered Group Psychotherapy (MCGP), Individual Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy (IMCP), Meaning-Making intervention (MMi), Meaning of Life Intervention, Managing Cancer and Living Meaningfully (CALM), Hope Intervention, Cognitive and Existential Intervention, Dignity Therapy, and Life-Review Interviews, from 19 relevant RCTs. All deal with death, meaninglessness, isolation, and freedom. Particularly, MCGP, IMCP, MMi, Meaning of Life intervention, and CALM emphasize finding and/or making meaning in the individual's life. The effects on existential or spiritual well-being were confirmed in MCGP, IMCP, Meaning of Life intervention, and Life-Review intervention although the number of studies were very few. In the other interventions, there were heterogenous findings and again the number of studies was very small. Further studies are required to investigate the effects of existential psychotherapy on patients with advanced cancer.
存在主义心理治疗植根于欧洲存在主义哲学传统。存在主义哲学家包括德国人胡塞尔和海德格尔，以及法国人加缪、萨特、波伏娃和梅洛 - 庞蒂。他们的作品包含诸如死亡、自由、无意义和孤独等存在主义的终极主题。基于对存在主义哲学的了解，宾斯万格、弗兰克和博斯发展了早期的存在主义心理治疗方法，如存在分析和意义疗法，而梅、莱因、亚隆、梅和黄则在英美文化中开创了后期的存在主义心理治疗方法。针对晚期癌症患者和/或临终关怀患者，我们从19项相关随机对照试验（RCT）中发现了九种存在主义心理治疗方法：意义中心团体心理治疗（MCGP）、个体意义中心心理治疗（IMCP）、意义构建干预（MMi）、生命意义干预、有意义地管理癌症与生活（CALM）、希望干预、认知与存在主义干预、尊严疗法和生命回顾访谈。所有这些方法都涉及死亡、无意义、孤独和自由。特别是，MCGP、IMCP、MMi、生命意义干预和CALM强调在个体生活中寻找和/或创造意义。尽管研究数量很少，但MCGP、IMCP、生命意义干预和生命回顾干预对存在主义或精神幸福感的影响得到了证实。在其他干预措施中，结果存在异质性，而且研究数量也非常少。需要进一步研究来调查存在主义心理治疗对晚期癌症患者的影响。
