School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526, Assiut, Egypt.
School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
Environ Res. 2022 Jun;209:112847. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112847. Epub 2022 Jan 29.
The chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (Cl-PFRs): tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl)-phosphate (TCIPP) and tris-(1,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCIPP), have been widely used in upholstered furniture despite their carcinogenic potential. Although Cl-PFRs are mainly added to furniture foam, they are present in the fabrics likely due to migration from the foam. While several studies have assessed human exposure to Cl-PFRs via different pathways, no information exists on dermal uptake of these chemicals through contact with fabrics. In the current study, dermal absorption of TCEP, TCIPP and TDCIPP from 3 UK domestic furniture fabrics was experimentally assessed for the first time using in vitro 3D-human skin equivalents (EpiSkin™) under different real-life exposure scenarios. Results revealed all 3 target Cl-PFRs were dermally bioavailable to varying degrees (3.5%-25.9% of exposure dose) following 24 h contact with the studied fabrics. Estimated permeability coefficients (K, cm h) showed TCEP had the highest percutaneous penetration potential followed by TCIPP, then TDCIPP. Further investigation revealed human dermal uptake of Cl-PFRs can be influenced by several factors including: the specific physicochemical properties of the compound, the type of exposure matrix, the exposure dose and the degree of skin hydration at the point of contact. Exposure assessment revealed UK adults and toddlers can be exposed to 20.4 and 14.1 ng TCIPP/kg bw/day via contact with furniture fabrics in summer, which is higher than international average exposures via inhalation and dust ingestion for adults and dietary exposure for toddlers. Therefore, risk assessment studies for Cl-PFRs and future replacements should consider dermal contact with consumer products (e.g. furniture fabrics) as a potential significant human exposure pathway.
氯代有机磷酸酯阻燃剂（Cl-PFRs）：三（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（TCEP）、三（1-氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（TCIPP）和三（1,3-二氯丙基）磷酸酯（TDCIPP），尽管具有致癌潜力，但已广泛用于软垫家具。尽管 Cl-PFR 主要添加到家具泡沫中，但由于泡沫的迁移，它们也存在于织物中。虽然有几项研究评估了人类通过不同途径接触 Cl-PFRs，但目前尚不清楚通过与织物接触，这些化学物质如何通过皮肤吸收。在目前的研究中，首次使用体外 3D 人体皮肤等效物（EpiSkin™），根据不同的现实暴露情况，实验评估了 TCEP、TCIPP 和 TDCIPP 从 3 种英国家用家具织物中的皮肤吸收情况。结果表明，在与研究织物接触 24 小时后，所有 3 种目标 Cl-PFR 都具有不同程度的皮肤生物可利用性（暴露剂量的 3.5%-25.9%）。估计的渗透率系数（K，cm h）表明，TCEP 具有最高的经皮渗透潜力，其次是 TCIPP，然后是 TDCIPP。进一步的研究表明，Cl-PFRs 的人体皮肤吸收可以受到多种因素的影响，包括：化合物的特定物理化学性质、暴露基质的类型、暴露剂量以及接触点的皮肤水合程度。暴露评估显示，在夏季，通过与家具织物接触，英国成年人和幼儿每天可接触到 20.4 和 14.1ng TCIPP/kg bw，高于成年人通过吸入和灰尘摄入以及幼儿通过饮食摄入的国际平均暴露量。因此，Cl-PFRs 和未来替代品的风险评估研究应考虑与消费品（例如家具织物）的皮肤接触作为一种潜在的重要人体暴露途径。
