CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
Toxicon. 2022 Mar;208:62-77. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.01.011. Epub 2022 Jan 31.
Trichothecenes (TCNs) are the mycotoxins produced by many fungal species such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys and pose a considerable health risk. Based on their characteristic functional moieties, they are divided into four categories: Type A (T-2, HT-2, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), harzianum A, neosolaniol (NEO) and trichodermin), Type B (deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), trichothecin and fusarenon X), Type C (crotocin) and Type D (satratoxin G & H, roridin A and verrucarin A) with types A and B being the most substantial. TCNs cause growth retardation in eukaryotes, suppress seedling growth or regeneration in plants and could be a reason for animal reproductive failure. Due to the increased frequency of occurrence and widespread distribution of TCNs in food and feed, knowledge of their sources of occurrence is essential to strategise their control and management. Hence, this review provides an overview of various types and sources of TCNs, the associated biosynthetic pathways and genes responsible for production in food and feed. Further, various processing and environmental effects on TCNs production, detection techniques and management strategies are also briefly outlined.
trichothecenes (TCNs) 是由多种真菌如镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌和多枝孢菌产生的真菌毒素，对健康构成相当大的风险。根据其特征性功能部分，它们分为四类：A 型（T-2、HT-2、二乙酰氧基雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 (DAS)、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 A、新茄病镰刀菌醇 (NEO) 和曲霉菌素）、B 型（脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 (DON)、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 (NIV)、禾谷镰刀菌菌酮 X 和毒素）、C 型（多球壳菌素）和 D 型（曲霉菌 G 和 H、roridin A 和 verrucarin A），其中 A 型和 B 型最为重要。TCNs 会导致真核生物生长迟缓，抑制植物幼苗生长或再生，可能是动物繁殖失败的原因之一。由于 TCNs 在食品和饲料中的出现频率增加且分布广泛，了解其来源对于控制和管理至关重要。因此，本综述概述了 TCNs 的各种类型和来源、与食品和饲料中生产相关的生物合成途径和基因。此外，还简要概述了 TCNs 生产的各种加工和环境影响、检测技术和管理策略。
