Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
Adv Healthc Mater. 2022 May;11(9):e2102087. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202102087. Epub 2022 Feb 19.
Porosity is an important material feature commonly employed in implants and tissue scaffolds. The presence of material voids permits the infiltration of cells, mechanical compliance, and outward diffusion of pharmaceutical agents. Various studies have confirmed that porosity indeed promotes favorable tissue responses, including minimal fibrous encapsulation during the foreign body reaction (FBR). However, increased biofilm formation and calcification is also described to arise due to biomaterial porosity. Additionally, the relevance of host responses like the FBR, infection, calcification, and thrombosis are dependent on tissue location and specific tissue microenvironment. In this review, the features of porous materials and the implications of porosity in the context of medical devices is discussed. Common methods to create porous materials are also discussed, as well as the parameters that are used to tune pore features. Responses toward porous biomaterials are also reviewed, including the various stages of the FBR, hemocompatibility, biofilm formation, and calcification. Finally, these host responses are considered in tissue specific locations including the subcutis, bone, cardiovascular system, brain, eye, and female reproductive tract. The effects of porosity across the various tissues of the body is highlighted and the need to consider the tissue context when engineering biomaterials is emphasized.
多孔性是一种常用于植入物和组织支架的重要材料特性。材料空隙的存在允许细胞浸润、机械顺应性和药物的向外扩散。各种研究已经证实，多孔性确实促进了有利的组织反应，包括异物反应（FBR）期间最小的纤维包裹。然而，由于生物材料的多孔性，也描述了生物膜形成和钙化的增加。此外，宿主反应（如 FBR、感染、钙化和血栓形成）的相关性取决于组织位置和特定的组织微环境。在这篇综述中，讨论了多孔材料的特性以及多孔性在医疗器械中的意义。还讨论了制造多孔材料的常见方法，以及用于调整孔特征的参数。还综述了对多孔生物材料的反应，包括异物反应的各个阶段、血液相容性、生物膜形成和钙化。最后，在包括皮下组织、骨骼、心血管系统、大脑、眼睛和女性生殖道在内的特定组织部位考虑了这些宿主反应。强调了多孔性在全身各种组织中的作用，并强调了在工程生物材料时需要考虑组织背景。
